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| Mendeliome v1.3381 | INCENP |
Rylee Peters gene: INCENP was added gene: INCENP was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: INCENP was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: INCENP were set to 41005306 Phenotypes for gene: INCENP were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest MONDO:0014769, INCENP-related Review for gene: INCENP was set to AMBER Added comment: 3 unrelated women presenting with abnormal oocyte morphology and/or low fertilisation rate from a large cohort of 3627 individuals. WES identified biallelic missense variants: R267Q (gnomAD v4: 1717 hets, 12 homs), R280W (5 hets, 0 homs), P444L (207 hets, 0 homs), R693W (686 hets, 1 hom), K816T (110 hets, 1 hom), K890E (3 hets, 0 homs). siRNA-mediated knock-down of INCENP in mouse oocytes reduced polar-body extrusion rates, demonstrating that loss of function of the protein affects oocyte maturation. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3381 | MDGA2 |
Sangavi Sivagnanasundram changed review comment from: Affected individuals present with a broad neurodevelopmental impairment phenotype. Pre-print - https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.28.25330873 Individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) 8 individuals from 6 consanguineous families exhibiting infantile hypotonia, severe neurodevelopmental delay, intractable seizures, progressive brain atrophy, and consistent dysmorphic features. 7 different biallelic LoF variants were identified p.Tyr913Ter, p.Arg404Ter, p.Leu920Ter, c.421-1G>A, p.Lys391SerfsTer7 and c.421-96_595+99del - all variants are rare or absent in gnomAD v4.1 In vitro functional studies of three nonsense variants in mammalian expression systems and hippocampal cultured neurons that resulted in impaired MDGA2 membrane trafficking are supportive of a loss-of-function mechanism. PMID: 40168357, 27608760 A knockout mouse model showed that MGAD2-deficient mice presented with autism-like behaviours (social deficits, repetitive behaviour, and cognitive impairment). The mice also showed abnormalities in excitatory synapses. Sources: Other; to: Affected individuals present with a broad neurodevelopmental impairment-like phenotype. Pre-print - https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.28.25330873 Individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) 8 individuals from 6 consanguineous families exhibiting infantile hypotonia, severe neurodevelopmental delay, intractable seizures, progressive brain atrophy, and consistent dysmorphic features. 7 different biallelic LoF variants were identified p.Tyr913Ter, p.Arg404Ter, p.Leu920Ter, c.421-1G>A, p.Lys391SerfsTer7 and c.421-96_595+99del - all variants are rare or absent in gnomAD v4.1 In vitro functional studies of three nonsense variants in mammalian expression systems and hippocampal cultured neurons that resulted in impaired MDGA2 membrane trafficking are supportive of a loss-of-function mechanism. PMID: 40168357, 27608760 A knockout mouse model showed that MGAD2-deficient mice presented with autism-like behaviours (social deficits, repetitive behaviour, and cognitive impairment). The mice also showed abnormalities in excitatory synapses. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.3381 | MDGA2 |
Sangavi Sivagnanasundram gene: MDGA2 was added gene: MDGA2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: MDGA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MDGA2 were set to https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.28.25330873; 40168357; 27608760 Phenotypes for gene: MDGA2 were set to MDGA2-related neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: MDGA2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Affected individuals present with a broad neurodevelopmental impairment phenotype. Pre-print - https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.28.25330873 Individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) 8 individuals from 6 consanguineous families exhibiting infantile hypotonia, severe neurodevelopmental delay, intractable seizures, progressive brain atrophy, and consistent dysmorphic features. 7 different biallelic LoF variants were identified p.Tyr913Ter, p.Arg404Ter, p.Leu920Ter, c.421-1G>A, p.Lys391SerfsTer7 and c.421-96_595+99del - all variants are rare or absent in gnomAD v4.1 In vitro functional studies of three nonsense variants in mammalian expression systems and hippocampal cultured neurons that resulted in impaired MDGA2 membrane trafficking are supportive of a loss-of-function mechanism. PMID: 40168357, 27608760 A knockout mouse model showed that MGAD2-deficient mice presented with autism-like behaviours (social deficits, repetitive behaviour, and cognitive impairment). The mice also showed abnormalities in excitatory synapses. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.3358 | CDK9 |
Bryony Thompson gene: CDK9 was added gene: CDK9 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CDK9 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CDK9 were set to 40954203; 33640901; 30237576; 26633546 Phenotypes for gene: CDK9 were set to multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome-variable intellectual disability syndrome MONDO:0015160; CHARGE-like syndrome with retinal dystrophy Review for gene: CDK9 was set to GREEN Added comment: Biallelic variants in at least six unrelated families: 1) proband that displays retinal dystrophy without a CHARGE-like malformation syndrome (c.862G>A/p.A288T + c.961C>T/p.P321S). 2) A boy with a phenotype resembling CHARGE syndrome (multiple anomalies involving the eyes, ears, cleft lip, and palate, and intellectual disability) with retinal dystrophy (p.A288T/p.R303C), 3-7) 4 consanguineous families homozygous for p.R225C, including a set of cousins. CDK9 variants demonstrated decreased kinase activity. One of the studies suggested the extent the kinase activity is reduced may account for the absence/presence of the CHARGE-like phenotype with retinal dystrophy Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3353 | SF1 |
Sarah Milton changed review comment from: SF1 is involved in the first step of spliceosome complex assembly by recognizing the intron branchpoint consensus sequence at the 3′ splice site of the pre-mRNA. It is also involved in regulating alternative splicing PMID: 40987292 describes 15 affected individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder with monoallelic variants in SF1. Affected individuals had developmental delay, mild to moderate ID, behavioural disorders, seizures (3/15), brachydactyly (5/15), nail hypoplasia (5/15). Variant types included missense and high impact LOF (nonsense and frameshift). Most variants were appropriately rare in gnomAD v4 however one reported variant had 9 hets. pLI for SF1 is 1 with overall few LOF variants in gene. Supportive functional studies reported in publication. SF1 deficient neural progenitor cells showed altered gene expression in genes involved in neuronal differentiation/synaptic transmission and axonal guidance. Sources: Literature; to: SF1 is involved in the first step of spliceosome complex assembly by recognizing the intron branchpoint consensus sequence at the 3′ splice site of the pre-mRNA. It is also involved in regulating alternative splicing PMID: 40987292 describes 15 affected individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder with monoallelic variants in SF1. Affected individuals had developmental delay, mild to moderate ID, behavioural disorders, seizures (3/15), brachydactyly (5/15), nail hypoplasia (5/15). 12 confirmed to have de novo variants including missense and high impact LOF (nonsense and frameshift). Most variants were appropriately rare in gnomAD v4 however one reported variant had 9 hets. pLI for SF1 is 1 with overall few LOF variants in gene. Supportive functional studies reported in publication. SF1 deficient neural progenitor cells showed altered gene expression in genes involved in neuronal differentiation/synaptic transmission and axonal guidance. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3353 | SF1 |
Sarah Milton gene: SF1 was added gene: SF1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SF1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SF1 were set to PMID: 40987292 Phenotypes for gene: SF1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, SF1-related Review for gene: SF1 was set to GREEN Added comment: SF1 is involved in the first step of spliceosome complex assembly by recognizing the intron branchpoint consensus sequence at the 3′ splice site of the pre-mRNA. It is also involved in regulating alternative splicing PMID: 40987292 describes 15 affected individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder with monoallelic variants in SF1. Affected individuals had developmental delay, mild to moderate ID, behavioural disorders, seizures (3/15), brachydactyly (5/15), nail hypoplasia (5/15). Variant types included missense and high impact LOF (nonsense and frameshift). Most variants were appropriately rare in gnomAD v4 however one reported variant had 9 hets. pLI for SF1 is 1 with overall few LOF variants in gene. Supportive functional studies reported in publication. SF1 deficient neural progenitor cells showed altered gene expression in genes involved in neuronal differentiation/synaptic transmission and axonal guidance. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3332 | KLK15 |
Sangavi Sivagnanasundram gene: KLK15 was added gene: KLK15 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: KLK15 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KLK15 were set to 40949095 Phenotypes for gene: KLK15 were set to hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome MONDO:0007523 Review for gene: KLK15 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families with individuals affected with hEDS Heterozygous p.Gly226Asp was identified in both families and segregated with disease across other affected individuals and not presented in unaffected family members. Note: p.Gly226Asp - FAF 0.4970% in gnomAD v4.1 CRISPR-Cas9-generated Klk15G224D/+ knock in mouse model showed a decrease in tendon elasicity, mitral valve prolapse, collagen fibril thinning which is supportive to show the mouse model recapitulated human phenotype. More evidence is required to support gene-disease association given only one variant in two families and supportive mouse model have been reported. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.3329 | CNTD2 |
Sangavi Sivagnanasundram gene: CNTD2 was added gene: CNTD2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: CNTD2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CNTD2 were set to 41005306 Phenotypes for gene: CNTD2 were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest MONDO:0014769 Review for gene: CNTD2 was set to GREEN Added comment: HGNC approved new gene name: CCNP 3 unrelated women presenting with primary infertility and oocyte/embryo defects in IVF. Different biallelic variants were identified - all variants were either absent or rare enough in gnomAD v4.1 for AR gene (p.L59Wfs*11, p.Y231N, and c.358-1G>A). In vivo mouse model showed that the overexpression of mutant CNTD2 mRNA in mouse zygotes led to early embryonic arrest. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.3323 | SPDYC |
Chirag Patel gene: SPDYC was added gene: SPDYC was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SPDYC was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SPDYC were set to 41005306 Phenotypes for gene: SPDYC were set to Primary ovarian failure, MONDO:0005387 Review for gene: SPDYC was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 unrelated female patients with primary infertility caused by oocyte/embryo defects, from a large cohort of 3,627 patients. WES identified rare biallelic variants in SPDYC gene (p.R52Vfs∗50, p.R188C, p.P287H). Overexpression of mutant SPDYC mRNA in mouse oocytes caused disruption of the ability of the protein to overcome milrinone-mediated inhibition of meiotic resumption with two of the variants (p.R52Vfs∗50 and p.R188C). SPDYC is involved in crucial processes involving cyclin-dependent kinases during the phase transition of the mitotic cell cycle. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3321 | INTS6 |
Sarah Milton changed review comment from: INTS6 encodes a member of the integrator complex which plays a role in RNA polymerase II transcription termination and small nuclear RNA processing. PMID: 40966122 describes 24 affected individuals from 23 families with a variable neurodevelopmental disorder. Variant types included monoallelic missense, nonsense, frameshift and splice site. Phenotypes included autism, variable language and motor delay, variable ID/developmental delay, sleep disturbances and epilepsy in a small subset. 21 variants were confirmed to be de novo. All variants either absent in gnomad v4 or had 1 heterozygote only. pLI for INTS6 is 1 and few overall LOF variants in gnomAD v4 in gene. Supportive functional studies including biallelic knockout mice demonstrating abnormal brain morphology. Heterozygous knockout mice assessed to have abnormal behaviour and reduced learning efficiency and memory retention. Some variant specific studies performed consistent with loss of function mechanism.; to: INTS6 encodes a member of the integrator complex which plays a role in RNA polymerase II transcription termination and small nuclear RNA processing. PMID: 40966122 describes 24 affected individuals from 23 families with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Variant types included monoallelic missense, nonsense, frameshift and splice site. Phenotypes included autism, variable language and motor delay, variable ID/developmental delay, sleep disturbances and epilepsy in a small subset. 21 variants were confirmed to be de novo. All variants either absent in gnomad v4 or had 1 heterozygote only. pLI for INTS6 is 1 and few overall LOF variants in gnomAD v4 in gene. Supportive functional studies including biallelic knockout mice demonstrating abnormal brain morphology. Heterozygous knockout mice assessed to have abnormal behaviour and reduced learning efficiency and memory retention. Some variant specific studies performed consistent with loss of function mechanism. |
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| Mendeliome v1.3305 | EMB | Zornitza Stark Marked gene: EMB as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.3305 | EMB | Zornitza Stark Gene: emb has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.3304 | EMB |
Krithika Murali gene: EMB was added gene: EMB was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EMB was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: EMB were set to PMID: 40999499 Phenotypes for gene: EMB were set to Hirschsprung disease - MONDO:0018309, EMB-related Added comment: Li et al 2025 report enrichment of rare EMB variants in a cohort of patients with Hirschsprung disease. No additional phenotypic or variant information provided. Various in vitro studies and zebrafish/knockout mouse model associate loss of EMB with HSCR phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3289 | BBOX1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: BBOX1 was added gene: BBOX1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: BBOX1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: BBOX1 were set to 41022783 Phenotypes for gene: BBOX1 were set to Carnitine deficiency, MONDO:0017716, BBOX1-related Review for gene: BBOX1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Three individuals from two unrelated families reported, presenting with myopathy, neurodevelopmental delay, and later-onset psychiatric manifestations. C. elegans knockout and patient-variant models show embryonic lethality rescued by L‑carnitine supplementation Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3179 | MT-ND6 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MT-ND6 was added gene: MT-ND6 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list mtDNA tags were added to gene: MT-ND6. Mode of inheritance for gene gene: MT-ND6 was set to MITOCHONDRIAL Publications for gene: MT-ND6 were set to 5576045; 20019223; 21196529; 10894222; 14684687; 17535832; 19103152; 21749722; 23813926; 25356405; 14595656; 19062322; 11133798; 30741831; 21364701; 2018041 Phenotypes for gene: MT-ND6 were set to Mitochondrial disease (MONDO:0044970), MT-ND6-related Review for gene: MT-ND6 was set to GREEN Added comment: DEFINITIVE by ClinGen. More than 20 affected individuals reported, the m.14484T>C and m.14487T>C variants are recurrent. Affected individuals present with a broad phenotypic spectrum of disease including Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and LSS phenotypes, as well as migraines, tremor, multiple sclerosis, and cardiac involvement. The age of onset is also highly variable, ranging from infantile to adult. Muscle biopsies revealed isolated complex I deficiency, and complex I and III deficiencies; and complex I deficiency was also seen in fibroblasts and liver. Metabolic screening investigations showed elevated lactate and pyruvate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Heteroplasmy levels in affected individuals ranged from 50% to >95% in skeletal muscle; 25% to >95% in blood, 76% to >95% in fibroblasts, and 65% to >95% in liver; and ranged in healthy family members from undetectable to 92% in blood, undetectable to 95% in urine, 14% to 95% in hair follicles, 16% to 68% in buccal, and was undetectable in muscle in healthy family members. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.3177 | MT-ND5 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MT-ND5 was added gene: MT-ND5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list mtDNA tags were added to gene: MT-ND5. Mode of inheritance for gene gene: MT-ND5 was set to MITOCHONDRIAL Publications for gene: MT-ND5 were set to 17400793; 11938446; 12624137; 18495510; 23918514; 17535832; 29506874; 23034978; 16816025; 9299505; 18977334 Phenotypes for gene: MT-ND5 were set to Mitochondrial disease (MONDO:0044970), MT-ND5-related Review for gene: MT-ND5 was set to GREEN Added comment: DEFINITIVE by ClinGen. More than 20 individuals reported. Two variants are recurrent (m.13513G>A and m.13094T>C). Affected individuals present with a broad phenotypic spectrum of disease including Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON); mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS); LSS; myoclonus epilepsy, ragged red fibers (MERRF); and cardiomyopathy. The age of onset is also highly variable, ranging from infantile to adult. Muscle biopsies variably revealed ragged red fibers, isolated complex I deficiency, and variable combined deficiencies of complexes I, III, and/or IV. Metabolic screening investigations showed elevated lactate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood and urinary excretion of Krebs cycle intermediates. Heteroplasmy levels in affected individuals ranged from 28% - 90% in skeletal muscle, 23% to 77% in blood, undetectable to 90% in fibroblasts, 51% - 81% in urine; and ranged in healthy family members from undetectable to 20% in blood, undetectable to 25% to 95% in hair follicles, undetectable to 4-6% muscle, and ranged from 27%-45% in other tissues such as urine and buccal samples in healthy family members. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.3142 | ANLN |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: ANLN: Added comment: Further reports but evidence is conflicting, including variants with implausibly high pop frequency. Gbadegesin et al (2014); Hall et al (2018) 2 x families reported with FSGS (USA) and missense variants G618C (v4: absent) and R431C (v4: 63 hets, 0 hom). R431C was identified in 6 affected family members and absent in 6 unaffected family members. G618C was present in the proband and absent in 4 unaffected family members, the other 2 affected individuals from this family were not genotyped (deceased). Missense demostrated as LoF with both in vitro and in vivo (zebrafish). R431C was shown to disrupt interaction with CD2AP (primarily LoF effect), causing downstream hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/Rac1 signaling pathway, which drives podocytes hypermotility. Geminiganesan et al (2021) 1 x 2 year old child (India) with early-onset steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome, whole-exome sequencing and genome-wide linkage studies, a missense variant in ANLN was identified p.Thr821Met (v4: 508 hets, 0 hom). Zhang et al (2023) 3 x children with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (China). 2 x missense (p.M1099I - LP (v4:1 het, 0 hom), p.S140T - VUS (v4: 6 hets, 0 hom) and 1 x stop gain reported p.R39X - LP ( v4: 1 het, 0 hom). Lin et al (2023) 3 x unrelated individuals with missense E841K (China, v4: 618 hets, 2 hom). In famly A the variant was de novo, in family 2 only the proband as tested, in family 3 the variant was inherited from an affected father. 4 x unaffected individuals did not have the variant. Knockout mouse model inconclusive, did not show any effect until 36 weeks. Zebrafish model was also inconclusive.; Changed publications: 24676636, 30002222, 34819827, 38322629, 37957688 |
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| Mendeliome v1.3119 | CETN3 |
Rylee Peters gene: CETN3 was added gene: CETN3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CETN3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CETN3 were set to 40926052 Phenotypes for gene: CETN3 were set to microcephaly, MONDO:0001149, CETN3-related Review for gene: CETN3 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 40926052: 1x cHet individual with primary microcephaly (-2 SD at birth and -3 SD at 5yo), motor delay, enlarged bilateral ventricles on MRI, horizontal nystagmus. Two frameshift variants identified, p.Lys15Glufs*9 (5’ NMD-escape; 432 hets, 2 homs in gnomAD v4) and p.Asp40Lysfs*5 (NMD-predicted; filtered out in v4). CETN3-KO hCOs (human cerebral organoids) were significantly smaller than control hCOs. The identified patient variants were introduced into WT iPSCs. Western blot analysis demonstrated a complete loss of CETN3 protein in both CETN3-KO cells and CETN3-mutant iPSCs. These were then used to generate hCOs, both of which exhibited reduced size compared to their respective controls. Forebrain-specific Cetn3-ablated mice were also generated. At embryonic day 13.5 a significant but subtle reduction in forebrain size was detected in Cetn3-KO mice compared to control, while no difference was observed at P0. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3007 | POLR3D |
Zornitza Stark gene: POLR3D was added gene: POLR3D was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: POLR3D was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: POLR3D were set to 37915380 Phenotypes for gene: POLR3D were set to Leukodystrophy, MONDO:0019046, POLR3D-related Review for gene: POLR3D was set to RED Added comment: PMID 37915380: single individual with compound het variants in POLR3D and childhood onset leukodystrophy manifesting as DD/ID. Additional neurological features included cerebellar signs (e.g., dysarthria, ataxia, and intention tremor) and dysphagia, while non-neurological features included hypodontia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and dysmorphic facial features. Her MRI was notable for diffuse hypomyelination with myelin preservation of early myelinating structures, characteristic of POLR3-related leukodystrophy. Exome sequencing revealed the biallelic variants in POLR3D, a missense variant (c.541C > T, p.P181S) and an intronic splice site variant (c.656-6G > A, p.?). Functional studies of the patient's fibroblasts demonstrated significantly decreased RNA-level expression of POLR3D, along with reduced expression of other Pol III subunit genes. Notably, Pol III transcription was also shown to be aberrant, with a significant decrease in 7SK RNA and several distinct tRNA genes analyzed. Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry of the POLR3D p.P181S variant showed normal assembly of Pol III subunits yet altered interaction of Pol III with the PAQosome chaperone complex, indicating the missense variant is likely to alter complex maturation. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3005 | STAB2 |
Lucy Spencer changed review comment from: In a cohort of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension a missense in STAB2 was found in 2 related affected individuals. However, the variant Ala1665Thr is common on gnomad with over 100 hets and 4 homs. They also observed a significantly higher prevalence of 'qualifying alleles' in STAB2 in their disease cohort compared to the UK biobank- 4.6% in the disease cohort vs 1.2% in UK biobank. Qualifying alleles were rare and predicted deleterious. 78% of these variants were missense and quite a few of them also had thousands of hets and some homs in gnomad v4. Sources: Literature; to: In a cohort of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension a missense in STAB2 was found in 2 related affected individuals. However, the variant Ala1665Thr is common on gnomad with over 1000 hets and 4 homs. They also observed a significantly higher prevalence of 'qualifying alleles' in STAB2 in their disease cohort compared to the UK biobank- 4.6% in the disease cohort vs 1.2% in UK biobank. Qualifying alleles were rare and predicted deleterious. 78% of these variants were missense and quite a few of them also had thousands of hets and some homs in gnomad v4. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.3005 | STAB2 |
Lucy Spencer gene: STAB2 was added gene: STAB2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: STAB2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: STAB2 were set to 40726512 Phenotypes for gene: STAB2 were set to Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension MONDO:0013024, STAB2-related Review for gene: STAB2 was set to RED Added comment: In a cohort of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension a missense in STAB2 was found in 2 related affected individuals. However, the variant Ala1665Thr is common on gnomad with over 100 hets and 4 homs. They also observed a significantly higher prevalence of 'qualifying alleles' in STAB2 in their disease cohort compared to the UK biobank- 4.6% in the disease cohort vs 1.2% in UK biobank. Qualifying alleles were rare and predicted deleterious. 78% of these variants were missense and quite a few of them also had thousands of hets and some homs in gnomad v4. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2948 | HYPK |
Krithika Murali gene: HYPK was added gene: HYPK was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HYPK was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: HYPK were set to Clinical Genetics Early View Phenotypes for gene: HYPK were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, HYPK-related Review for gene: HYPK was set to RED Added comment: Single case report - Patel, R. et al 2025 Clinical Genetics Early View Male proband with developmental delay, autism and facial dysmorphism with a de novo missense HYPK variant (p. R70I). Variant-specific biochemical analyses demonstrates enhanced inhibitory activity of HYPK on NatA-mediated N-terminal protein acetylation. GestaltMatcher analysis indicates that the proband's facial phenotype closely resembles Ogden syndrome (NAA10) and some resemblance to NAA15-NDS - both associated genes are also involved in the N-terminal acetylation pathway. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2947 | MED29 |
Sarah Milton gene: MED29 was added gene: MED29 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MED29 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MED29 were set to PMID: 40745490 Phenotypes for gene: MED29 were set to Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, MONDO:0020135, MED29-related Review for gene: MED29 was set to AMBER Added comment: MED29 encodes part of the mediator (MED) complex which has role in RNA polymerase II (Poll II) gene transcription. PMID: 40745490 describes 2 siblings from one consanguineous family affected with pontocerebellar hypoplasia, profound GDD, severe microcephaly, cataracts and variable seizures. Both shared the same homozygous missense variant with presumed LOF mechanism. No homozygous LOF variants in gnomAD v4. Extensive functional studies performed with morpholino knockdown of MED29 having marked reduction of GABAergic neurons and abnormal touch response. Studies of hippocampal neurons from mice with knockdown MED29 showed impaired development. Mouse embryos that had knockdown of MED29 during development demonstrated abnormal neuronal migration. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2947 | CCDC93 |
Sarah Milton gene: CCDC93 was added gene: CCDC93 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CCDC93 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CCDC93 were set to PMID: 40601774 Phenotypes for gene: CCDC93 were set to Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome, MONDO:0019078, CCDC93-related Review for gene: CCDC93 was set to AMBER Added comment: CCDC93 encodes the coiled coil domain containing subunit of commander complex involved in recycling of integral membrane proteins. PMID: 40601774 describes 1 affected individual with compound heterozygous variants in CCDC93 who presented with Ritscher Schinzel like phenotype. Features included hypoplasia of cerebellar hemispheres, hypoplasia of the brainstem and of the corpus callosum, distinctive facial features and multiple small renal cysts. Variants were missense and nonsense. No homozygous LOF variants in gnomAD v4. Some supportive functional data. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2945 | DLGAP5 |
Zornitza Stark gene: DLGAP5 was added gene: DLGAP5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: DLGAP5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: DLGAP5 were set to 40796344 Phenotypes for gene: DLGAP5 were set to Infertility disorder, MONDO:0005047, DLGAP5-related Review for gene: DLGAP5 was set to GREEN Added comment: 3 individuals with biallelic variants identified as part of a large cohort (N=488) of women experiencing recurrent early embryonic arrest. These variants significantly altered protein length, abundance, or localization, resulting in spindle abnormalities in HeLa cells and mouse zygotes. Furthermore, the microinjection of exogenous mutant DLGAP5 mRNA into mouse zygote and the construction of Dlgap5 site-directed mutant mice successfully replicated the patient phenotypes. Functional studies, both in vivo and in vitro, revealed that DLGAP5 deficiency disrupts normal spindle assembly through its interaction with TACC3. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2944 | CREB3 |
Sarah Milton gene: CREB3 was added gene: CREB3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CREB3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CREB3 were set to PMID: 40674075 Phenotypes for gene: CREB3 were set to Retinal degeneration, MONDO:0004580, CREB3-related Review for gene: CREB3 was set to GREEN Added comment: CREB3 encodes Cyclic AMP response element binding protein-3 which is an endoplasmic reticulum–membrane-bound transcription factor. PMID: 40674075 describes 13 individuals from 4 families with the same homozygous nonsense variant (CREB:c.881G>A|p.Trp294). Affected individuals had retinal degeneration presenting initially with slowly progressive decreased visual acuity – significant variability in age of onset and severity – age 8-65. 2 different haplotypes identified on which the variant was found. Homozygous LOF variants not present in CREB3 in gnomad v4. Functional studies performed only demonstrated that mRNA transcript doesn't undergo NMD and that protein is expressed in retina. No variant specific or downstream effects investigated. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2928 | PPP1R2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PPP1R2 was added gene: PPP1R2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PPP1R2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PPP1R2 were set to 40597352; 26558779 Phenotypes for gene: PPP1R2 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, PPP1R2-related Review for gene: PPP1R2 was set to RED Added comment: Single individual reported with homozygous splicing variant c.403 + 3 A >T. Abnormal splicing demonstrated but leaky. Clinical features included pre and postnatal growth restriction, ventricular septal defect, dysmorphic features (proptosis, long eye lashes, thick eyebrows, low-set ears), microcephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, cortical cataracts, retinal defects, intellectual disability with limited speech, and autism spectrum disorder. Note mouse model is embryonically lethal, leading the authors to speculate survival may be due to fraction of normally spliced transcripts. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2926 | BORCS5 |
Zornitza Stark gene: BORCS5 was added gene: BORCS5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: BORCS5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: BORCS5 were set to 40385417 Phenotypes for gene: BORCS5 were set to Lysosomal storage disease, MONDO:0002561, BORCS5-related Review for gene: BORCS5 was set to GREEN Added comment: preprint PMID 40385417, describing 12 individuals from 7 families with a spectrum of abnormalities (osteopetrosis not mentioned), suggestive of lysosomal disorder. Homozygous loss-of-function variants presented with prenatally lethal arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, brain malformations, and neuropathological evidence of diffuse neuroaxonal dystrophy. Individuals with missense variants presented differently, with microcephaly, developmental epileptic encephalopathy, intellectual disability, optic atrophy, spasticity, and progressive movement disorders. In this group, brain MRI showed diffuse hypomyelination and progressive global cerebral atrophy, consistent with neurodegeneration. Borcs5 knockout in zebrafish exhibited microcephaly, motor deficits, and seizures, mirroring the patients' clinical presentation. At the cellular level, BORCS5 loss-of-function but not missense variants, resulted in lower protein expression and impaired BORC assembly, paralleled by perinuclear lysosomal clustering. However, both loss-of-function and missense BORCS5 variants were associated with reduced total lysosomal proteolysis, reduced activity of the lysosomal hydrolases glucocerebrosidase and cathepsin B, and presence of multilamellar bodies, indicating lysosomal dysfunction. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2925 | CSMD3 |
Sarah Milton gene: CSMD3 was added gene: CSMD3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CSMD3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CSMD3 were set to PMID: 40632521 Phenotypes for gene: CSMD3 were set to Epilepsy, MONDO:0005027, CSMD3-related Review for gene: CSMD3 was set to GREEN Added comment: CSMD3 encodes a synaptic membrane proteins and play a role in neuronal maturation/growth dendrites. A related protein CSMD1 has been previously associated with a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. PMID: 40632521 describes 8 individuals with seizures. 4 with focal epilepsy, 3 with febrile seizures and 1 individual with infantile spasms. 1 individual described had a de novo missense variant with remainder having comp het/biallelic variants. Mild ID in 1 individual only. Variant type mostly missense variants with 1 nonsense, all appropriately rare in gnomAD v4 for recessive disorder. No variant specific functional studies performed, no clear discussion in paper about postulated mechanism for disease. No discussion around difference in mechanism for de novo monoallelic variant. Previous studies showed homozygous knockout mice display abnormal neuronal proliferation and growth retardation. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2837 | YWHAZ |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: YWHAZ: Added comment: PMID 31024343: 5 individuals with de novo variants in this gene, two had a clinical diagnosis of Rasopathy. 3 missense variants and 2 high impact variants (one is NMD escape). Parentage not confirmed in 3. Two had other possible variants of interest. Used Xenopus to investigate the effect of one of the missense variants, S230W, and demonstrated activation of the Raf-MEK-Erk pathway and embryonic defects when expressed at high levels. Suggests GoF as mechanism. Further de novo missense identified in a large cohort of NDDs, PMID 35143101. PMID 35501409: knockout Zebrafish, altered brain activity and behaviour. PMID 22124272, 26207352: two mouse models also support role in brain development. MODERATE by ClinGen, but note this is mostly driven by experimental data points. Also note there is evidence for both GoF and LoF mechanism, potentially two distinct disorders?; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 36001342, 31024343, 35143101, 35501409, 22124272, 26207352; Changed phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, YWHAZ-related |
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| Mendeliome v1.2817 | OGFRL1 |
Rylee Peters gene: OGFRL1 was added gene: OGFRL1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: OGFRL1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: OGFRL1 were set to PMID: 38699440 Phenotypes for gene: OGFRL1 were set to Cherubism (MONDO:0007315), OGFRL1-related Review for gene: OGFRL1 was set to RED Added comment: 3x individuals from 2 unrelated families with cherubism and homozygous NMD-predicted variants in OGFRL1. In one family, the NMD-predicted OGFRL1 variant was identified in 2x affected individuals and was either heterozygous or absent in 7x unaffected family members tested. OGFRL1 knockout mice and mice carrying a patient frameshift mutation were generated, however, neither mouse model recapitulated human cherubism. Absence of homozygous LoF variants in gnomAD v4. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2817 | BLOC1S1 |
Rylee Peters changed review comment from: De Pace et al. 2025 [preprint] doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.17.25331211 11 individuals from seven unrelated families (includes 4 individuals from 3 families described in Bertoli-Avella PMID: 33875846), with severe neurodevelopmental disorder and harbour biallelic variants of BLOC1S1. The disorder presents with early infantile onset and is characterised by deficient myelination, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, epilepsy), and visual impairment (bilateral optic atrophy in most). The severity ranged from early death to a milder form with preserved ambulation and single-word communication. All individuals harbouring BLOC1S1 variants with available neuroimaging exhibit hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Functional analyses show that BLOC1S1 KO impairs the anterograde transport of lysosomes and autophagy in both non-neuronal cells and iPSC-derived neurons. Missense variants displayed various combinations of defective expression, assembly, lysosome dispersal and/or autophagy. The frameshift variant showed the most severe deficiencies in tested assays.; to: De Pace et al. 2025 [preprint] doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.17.25331211 11 individuals from seven unrelated families (includes 4 individuals from 3 families described in Bertoli-Avella PMID: 33875846), with severe neurodevelopmental disorder and harbour biallelic variants of BLOC1S1. The disorder presents with early infantile onset and is characterised by deficient myelination, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, epilepsy, and visual impairment (bilateral optic atrophy in most). The severity ranged from early death to a milder form with preserved ambulation and single-word communication. All individuals harbouring BLOC1S1 variants with available neuroimaging exhibit hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Functional analyses show that BLOC1S1 KO impairs the anterograde transport of lysosomes and autophagy in both non-neuronal cells and iPSC-derived neurons. Missense variants displayed various combinations of defective expression, assembly, lysosome dispersal and/or autophagy. The frameshift variant showed the most severe deficiencies in tested assays. |
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| Mendeliome v1.2817 | BLOC1S1 |
Rylee Peters changed review comment from: De Pace et al. 2025 [preprint] doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.17.25331211 11 individuals from seven unrelated families (includes 4 individuals from 3 families described in Bertoli-Avella PMID: 33875846), with severe neurodevelopmental disorder and harbour biallelic variants of BLOC1S1. The disorder presents with early infantile onset and is characterised by deficient myelination, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, epilepsy (in some cases), and visual impairment (bilateral optic atrophy in most). The severity ranged from early death to a milder form with preserved ambulation and single-word communication. All individuals harbouring BLOC1S1 variants with available neuroimaging exhibit hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Functional analyses show that BLOC1S1 KO impairs the anterograde transport of lysosomes and autophagy in both non-neuronal cells and iPSC-derived neurons. Missense variants displayed various combinations of defective expression, assembly, lysosome dispersal and/or autophagy. The frameshift variant showed the most severe deficiencies in tested assays.; to: De Pace et al. 2025 [preprint] doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.17.25331211 11 individuals from seven unrelated families (includes 4 individuals from 3 families described in Bertoli-Avella PMID: 33875846), with severe neurodevelopmental disorder and harbour biallelic variants of BLOC1S1. The disorder presents with early infantile onset and is characterised by deficient myelination, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, epilepsy), and visual impairment (bilateral optic atrophy in most). The severity ranged from early death to a milder form with preserved ambulation and single-word communication. All individuals harbouring BLOC1S1 variants with available neuroimaging exhibit hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Functional analyses show that BLOC1S1 KO impairs the anterograde transport of lysosomes and autophagy in both non-neuronal cells and iPSC-derived neurons. Missense variants displayed various combinations of defective expression, assembly, lysosome dispersal and/or autophagy. The frameshift variant showed the most severe deficiencies in tested assays. |
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| Mendeliome v1.2789 | ZNF597 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ZNF597 was added gene: ZNF597 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ZNF597 was set to Other Publications for gene: ZNF597 were set to 19968752; 28157578; 32576657 Phenotypes for gene: ZNF597 were set to Recurrent pregnancy loss susceptibility, MONDO:0000144 Review for gene: ZNF597 was set to RED Added comment: ZNF597 is an imprinted gene- maternally expressed and paternally imprinted. - ZNF597 is highly expressed in the placenta and proposed to have an important role in placental development. - Knockout ZNF597 mice (homozygous -/-) is embryonic lethal due to failed embryonic organization before cardiogenesis at embryonic day 7.5. This period is equivalent to human Carnegie Stage 9 that occurs during week 3 between 19 to 21 days (5 weeks' gestation). - Literature associated with ZNF597 including maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 (UPD(16)mat) or loss of paternal imprinting of ZNF59, resulting in an overexpression of ZNF597. - Unpublished in-house data/observation: A heterozygous deletion with a breakpoint in ZNF597 was observed in the female partner of a couple experiencing x4 early pregnancy loss at 5-8 weeks' gestation. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2787 | ZFP36L2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ZFP36L2 was added gene: ZFP36L2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ZFP36L2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ZFP36L2 were set to 34611029; 38829516; 37211617 Phenotypes for gene: ZFP36L2 were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 13, MIM# 620154 Review for gene: ZFP36L2 was set to GREEN Added comment: i) Literature in OMIM- PMID:34611029- x2 unrelated infertile Chinese women with defective oocyte maturation carrying different biallelic variants and functional analysis suggested that the variants cause maternal mRNA decay defects that result in female infertility. ii) New papers reporting biallelic variants in conjunction with female infertility due to oocyte maturation defect+/- embryonic development arrest - PMID: 38829516: Novel compound heterozygous variant (p.His62Gln and p.Pro290Leu) in a patient with oocyte maturation defect. These variants lead to compromised binding capacity of the ZFP36L2-CONT6L complex and impaired mRNA degradation in HeLa cells and mouse oocytes. - PMID: 37211617: Novel homozygous variant c.853_861del (p.285_287del) in the affected individual with oocyte maturation defect from a consanguineous family. In vitro studies showed that the variant caused decreased protein levels of ZFP36L2 in oocytes due to mRNA instability and might lead to the loss of its function to degrade maternal mRNAs Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2779 | TIMP2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TIMP2 was added gene: TIMP2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TIMP2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: TIMP2 were set to 20847186; 34756330 Phenotypes for gene: TIMP2 were set to Recurrent pregnancy loss susceptibility, MONDO:0000144 Review for gene: TIMP2 was set to AMBER Added comment: i) PMID: 20847186- In family 6, TIMP2 partial duplication (involves Ex1-2) in mother and 4 out of 5 miscarriages. They have not yet been associated with RPL in humans, however, overexpression of TIMP2 was detected in a mouse model of RPL (Dixon et al., 2006). The TIMP2 disruption in miscarriages in Family 6 may have affected the placental development, but the possibility remains that maternal disruption of TIMP2 may contribute to RPL by impairing the remodeling of the endometrium in early pregnancy. Functional study was performed by PMID: 25674159, which showed reduced RNA and protein expression in chorionic villi cultures from miscarriages with the CNV. ii) PMID: 34756330- de novo damaging heterozygous missense TIMP2 variant, c.[553G>A]; p.[Gly185Arg] in an eight-week euploid embryonic loss. The MMP2/TIMP2 complex is involved in several gestational processes including implantation and placentation. iii) PMID: 11912288- The disruption of the TIMP2 gene was considered to be relevant for recurrent miscarriage due to its critical role in modulating invasion of the trophoblast into maternal endometrium and in vascular remodeling and angiogenesis of maternal and placenta tissues in the first trimester. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2771 | RXFP2 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: RXFP2: Added comment: New literature PMID: 39222519- a compound heterozygous variant (intragenic deletion of exon 1-5 and missense variant p.Glu77Lys) in a family with two male members affected by impaired fertility due to spermatogenic maturation arrest and a history of bilateral cryptorchidism. The Glu77Lys mutant showed no cAMP activity and hence failed to signal in response to INSL3, confirming a loss-of-function mechanism.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 31167797, 20963592, 39222519 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2770 | PABPC1L |
Zornitza Stark gene: PABPC1L was added gene: PABPC1L was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PABPC1L was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PABPC1L were set to 37052235; 37723834; 38177974; 32172300 Phenotypes for gene: PABPC1L were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 22, #MIM 621093 Review for gene: PABPC1L was set to GREEN Added comment: i) Literature in OMIM (PMID: 37052235;37723834;38177974)- >3 unrelated infertile women (due to a mixed phenotype including oocyte maturation abnormalities, fertilization failure, and embryonic development arrest) with different biallelic variants ii) Additional paper (PMID: 32172300)- Homozygous likely deleterious variant in PABPC1L p.(Met26Lys) in a woman whose infertility phenotype resembles that of Pabpc1l−/− mouse. During her IVF cycles, 18 oocytes were retrieved and subjected to IVF and ICSI. Nine oocytes were assigned to ICSI, but eight were at germinal vesicle stage and only one showed polar body and failed to fertilize following ICSI. Similarly, nine oocytes were assigned to IVF, and only two showed polar body on the next day without any sign of fertilization. The remaining oocytes were at germinal vesicle stage. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2768 | NLRP14 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NLRP14 was added gene: NLRP14 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NLRP14 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NLRP14 were set to 38060382 Phenotypes for gene: NLRP14 were set to Inherited oocyte maturation defect, MONDO:0014769, NLRP14-related and early embryo arrest Review for gene: NLRP14 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 38060382- Compound heterozygous variants (p.Cys428Profs∗28/p.Leu887delinsArgTyr) reported in an infertile woman with oocyte maturation defects and early embryo arrest (EEA). - Functional analysis showed comparable protein levels compared with the wild-type control, although a truncated band of the expected size (47 kDa) was observed for the p.Cys428Profs∗28 variant. -The truncated variant, p.Cys428Profs∗28, is lacking the LRR domain and, hence, completely loses the ability to bind with UHRF1. The p.Leu887delinsArgTyr variant results in significant alteration in binding modes with decreased binding area and binding free energy, which introduced regional instability in the NLRP14-UHRF1 interaction. The interaction of both variants and UHRF1 was disrupted and might lead to increased UHRF1 protein degradation in oocytes. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2766 | MEI1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MEI1 was added gene: MEI1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: MEI1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MEI1 were set to 30388401; 38416203; 34037756; 36759719; 32741963; 36017582 Phenotypes for gene: MEI1 were set to Recurrent hydatidiform mole 3, MIM# 618431; Non-obstructive azoospermia Review for gene: MEI1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Literature in OMIM- PubMed: 30388401- biallelic variants in two women with history of RPL and HM (probands 1333 and 880) and affected family members (females with similar phenotypes and also male with NOA) New papers (biallelic variants for OZEMA): i) PMID: 38416203- novel compound heterozygous frameshift variants (c.3002delC and c.2264_2268 + 11delGTGAGGTATGGACCAC) in a case of a female infertile patient suffering from embryonic arrest and recurrent implantation failure. Her arrested embryos from MEI1-affected oocytes exhibited abnormalities in copy number variation and DNA methylation following CMA, which contrasts with the proliferating embryos secondary to the loss of maternal chromosomes in hydatidiform moles. ii)PMID: 34037756- five novel mutations in MEI1 in nine patients with similar infertile phenotypes of recurrent hydatidiform moles, embryonic arrest, recurrent implantation failure, and recurrent pregnancy loss from seven independent families. In vitro studies also demonstrated that protein-truncating and missense mutations reduced the protein level of MEI1, while the splicing mutations caused abnormal alternative splicing of MEI1. New papers (biallelic variants for NOA): i) PMID: 36759719- Biallelic deleterious variants in four Chinese patients with NOA. Testicular pathologic analysis and immunohistochemical staining revealed that spermatogenesis is arrested at spermatocyte stage, with defective programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) homoeostasis and meiotic chromosome synapsis in patients carrying the variants. In addition, our results showed that one missense variant (c.G186C) reduced the expression of MEI1 and one frameshift variant (c.251delT) led to truncated proteins of MEI1 in in vitro. - others: PMID: 32741963;36017582 Note: Moderate evidence for OZEMA and HM in FeRGI database Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2764 | MAJIN |
Zornitza Stark gene: MAJIN was added gene: MAJIN was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: MAJIN was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MAJIN were set to 39545410; 33211200 Phenotypes for gene: MAJIN were set to Recurrent hydatidiform mole, non-obstructive azoospermia Review for gene: MAJIN was set to AMBER Added comment: New papers (biallelic variant for HM/male infertility): i) PMID: 39545410- Novel homozygous splice donor site variant c.349+1G>T in patient 1824 (Italian) with 2 HMs followed by secondary infertility and substantially reduced bilateral ovarian volumes. MAJIN codes for a junction protein that forms a complex with TERB1 and TERB2, which together bind to telomeres and anchor them to the inner nuclear membrane components KASH5 and SUN1. This attachment of chromosomes to the nuclear envelope is essential for homologous chromosome movement and synapsis. In mice, both male and female null mutants Majin are infertile (PMID: 26548954). In humans, biallelic mutations in MAJIN have been reported in infertile males. ii) PMID: 33211200- A homozygous p.Arg53His in NOA-affected male (Individual 4- M1646) with high CADD scores and low gnomad freq. Mice disrupted for either Majin or Terb2 display impaired synapsis, zygotene arrest, a lack of postmeiotic cells and infertility (Shibuya et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2017). Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2757 | GGN | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: GGN: Added comment: PMID: 23451117 (2013)- Ggn null mouse line demonstrated that s complete loss of GGN resulted in embryonic lethality at the very earliest period of pre-implantation development, with no viable blastocysts observed. This finding was consistent with the observation that Ggn mRNA was also expressed in lower levels in the oocyte and pre-implantation embryos.; Changed publications: 31985809, 33108537, 23451117; Changed phenotypes: Spermatogenic failure 69, MIM# 619826 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2754 | FBXO43 |
Zornitza Stark gene: FBXO43 was added gene: FBXO43 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: FBXO43 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FBXO43 were set to 34052850; 30878252; 34595750 Phenotypes for gene: FBXO43 were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 12, MIM# 619697; Spermatogenic failure 64, MIM# 619696 Review for gene: FBXO43 was set to GREEN Added comment: Literature in OMIM: PMID: 34052850 (three different homozygous variants in 3 unrelated women; 30878252, 34595750 (two different families with different homozygous variants) Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2752 | ELL3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ELL3 was added gene: ELL3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ELL3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: ELL3 were set to 39820605 Phenotypes for gene: ELL3 were set to Pregnancy loss, recurrent, susceptibility to, MONDO:0000144, ELL3-related Review for gene: ELL3 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID:39820605- 8 different heterozygous variants (5 missense, 3 splicing) in 8 unrelated couples who experienced consecutive early miscarriages due to embryonic aneuploidy. For the three splice variants, mini-gene splicing assays revealed that all led to abnormal splicing, and consequently premature termination of translation or exon skipping, consistent with LOF effect. Findings from functional analysis on human oocytes and knockout mouse oocytes overall supporting that ELL3 depletion increases the incidence of meiotic spindle abnormality and oocyte aneuploidy. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2750 | CHEK1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CHEK1 was added gene: CHEK1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: CHEK1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CHEK1 were set to 33953335; 33948904 Phenotypes for gene: CHEK1 were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 21, MIM# 620610 Review for gene: CHEK1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Literature in OMIM- PMID: 33953335; 33948904 - >3 unrelated with infertility due to zygote/embryo cleavage arrest with three different missense variants and 1 1bp deletion. Functional studies using transfection studies showed that all mutant increased cytoplasmic localization significantly greater kinase activity. Injection of all mutant cRNA into mouse zygotes with 2 distinct pronuclei also resulted in significantly decreased cleavage rates compared to wildtype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v1.2735 | ASTL |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: ASTL: Added comment: New papers (biallelic variants) i) PMID: 37640117 - Novel compound heterozygous missense variants (p.Arg117Cys and p.Arg274Trp) in a Chinese woman with primary infertility and polyspermy in IVF. Moreover, transfection studies using CHO-K1 cells indicated that mutant cells showed abnormal ovastacin zymogen activation or decreased enzyme stability. ii) PMID: 37133443- Biallelic variants in four independent affected individuals with primary infertility. The frameshift variants significantly decreased the quantity of ASTL protein in vitro. And all missense variants affected the enzymatic activity that cleaves ZP2 in mouse egg in vitro. Three knock-in female mice (corresponding to three missense variants in patients) all show subfertility due to low embryo developmental potential.; Changed publications: 34704130, 37640117, 37133443; Changed phenotypes: Oocyte maturation defect 11, MIM# 619643 |
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| Mendeliome v1.2718 | FASTKD5 |
Chirag Patel gene: FASTKD5 was added gene: FASTKD5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FASTKD5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FASTKD5 were set to PMID: 40499538 Phenotypes for gene: FASTKD5 were set to Leigh syndrome MONDO:0009723 Review for gene: FASTKD5 was set to GREEN Added comment: 3 unrelated individuals with Leigh syndrome (1 x severe/early-onset/fatal, 1 x milder/childhood-onset, 1 x adult-onset). WES identified compound heterozygous variants in FASTKD5 gene (3 x missense variants, 2 x frameshift variants leading to a premature stop codon). The FASTKD5 gene codes for a mitochondrial protein essential for processing mRNAs at non-canonical cleavage sites in the primary mitochondrial transcript. Analysis of fibroblasts from two subjects showed reduced steady-state levels of FASTKD5 protein by immunoblot, reduced translation of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, impaired assembly of complex IV, and a consequent decrease in cytochrome c oxidase enzymatic activity. The extent of these deficiencies appeared to correlate with the severity of the clinical phenotype. Expression of a wild-type FASTKD5 cDNA, but not cDNAs expressing the missense variants, rescued all the molecular defects in the subjects' fibroblasts, demonstrating that the alleles are pathogenic. 2/3 missense variants resulted in near complete loss of function, while one was hypomorphic, resulting from impaired protein stability. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2697 | BHLHA9 |
Sarah Milton changed review comment from: BHLHA9 encodes a transcription factor involved in embryonic limb development, essential for interdigital apoptosis in central limb mesenchyme cells. Duplications encompassing a 11.8kb critical region involving BHLHA9 have been reported in a number of publications to result in split hand foot malformation with long bone deficiency in at least 50 affected individuals. This has segregated within families of affected individuals on a number of occasions. However, penetrance of approximately 50% has been noted with significant intrafamilial variability. It should also be noted that in gnomad v4 structural variants there are 15 dups encompassing this same region in het individuals with a DGV gold track demonstrating dups in 3 individuals. Duan et al 2022 (PMID: 36035248) proposed copy number gains might enhance the regulatory potential as a transcription factor; thus, the apoptosis activity may be overly or ectopically increased in central limb mesenchymal cells during limb development. Authors proposed a gene dosage change with increasing copies of BHLHA9 showing increasing penetrance using examples of individuals with homozygous duplications or heterozygous triplications.; to: BHLHA9 encodes a transcription factor involved in embryonic limb development, essential for interdigital apoptosis in central limb mesenchyme cells. Duplications encompassing a 11.8kb critical region involving BHLHA9 have been reported in a number of publications to result in split hand foot malformation with long bone deficiency in at least 50 affected individuals. This has segregated within families of affected individuals on a number of occasions. However, penetrance of approximately 50% has been noted with significant intrafamilial variability. It should also be noted that in gnomad v4 structural variants there are 15 dups encompassing this same region in het individuals with a DGV gold track demonstrating dups in 3 individuals. Duan et al 2022 (PMID: 36035248) proposed copy number gains might enhance the regulatory potential as a transcription factor; thus, the apoptotic activity may be overly or ectopically increased in central limb mesenchymal cells during limb development. Authors proposed a gene dosage change with increasing copies of BHLHA9 showing increasing penetrance using examples of individuals with homozygous duplications or heterozygous triplications. |
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| Mendeliome v1.2697 | BHLHA9 |
Sarah Milton changed review comment from: BHLHA9 encodes a transcription factor involved in embryonic limb development, essential for interdigital apoptosis in central limb mesenchyme cells. Duplications encompassing a 11.8kb critical region involving BHLHA9 have been reported in a number of publications to result in split hand foot malformation with long bone deficiency in at least 50 affected individuals. This has segregated in affected families on a number of occasions. However, penetrance of approximately 50% has been noted with significant intrafamilial variability. It should also be noted that in gnomad v4 structural variants there are 15 dups encompassing this same region in het individuals with a DGV gold track demonstrating dups in 3 individuals. Duan et al 2022 (PMID: 36035248) proposed copy number gains might enhance the regulatory potential as a transcription factor; thus, the apoptosis activity may be overly or ectopically increased in central limb mesenchymal cells during limb development. Authors proposed a gene dosage change with increasing copies of BHLHA9 showing increasing penetrance using examples of individuals with homozygous duplications or heterozygous triplications.; to: BHLHA9 encodes a transcription factor involved in embryonic limb development, essential for interdigital apoptosis in central limb mesenchyme cells. Duplications encompassing a 11.8kb critical region involving BHLHA9 have been reported in a number of publications to result in split hand foot malformation with long bone deficiency in at least 50 affected individuals. This has segregated within families of affected individuals on a number of occasions. However, penetrance of approximately 50% has been noted with significant intrafamilial variability. It should also be noted that in gnomad v4 structural variants there are 15 dups encompassing this same region in het individuals with a DGV gold track demonstrating dups in 3 individuals. Duan et al 2022 (PMID: 36035248) proposed copy number gains might enhance the regulatory potential as a transcription factor; thus, the apoptosis activity may be overly or ectopically increased in central limb mesenchymal cells during limb development. Authors proposed a gene dosage change with increasing copies of BHLHA9 showing increasing penetrance using examples of individuals with homozygous duplications or heterozygous triplications. |
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| Mendeliome v1.2667 | SIDT2 |
Sarah Milton gene: SIDT2 was added gene: SIDT2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SIDT2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SIDT2 were set to PMID: 40541391 Phenotypes for gene: SIDT2 were set to Lysosomal storage disease, MONDO:0002561, SIDT2-related Review for gene: SIDT2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Encodes a lysosomal membrane protein involved in trafficking of RNA into the lysosome for degradation via RNAutophagy. 1 affected individual described in PMID: 40541391 with two variants in SIDT2 presenting with progressive neurological decline in childhood with poor coordination, dysarthria, ataxia, cerebellar atrophy and cognitive decline. One variant confirmed to be maternally inherited, the other inheritance was unknown due to lack of availability of family members (as such phase not confirmed). Variants were c.1586G>A (?listed as p.Arg529Trp however protein consequence should be p.Arg529Gln) and c.2032C>T|p.Arg678Trp. Functional studies of patient fibroblasts showed markers of autophagy impairment and mouse models with reduced expression of SIDT2 had signs of progressive incoordination. LOF proposed mechanism. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2667 | ADAM23 |
Sarah Milton changed review comment from: ADAM23 encodes a transmembrane protein receptor which is a receptor for LGI1. LGI1/ADAM22/ADAM23 part of a complex that regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the brain. 1 affected individual described in PMID: 40455867 with severe neonatal seizures, joint contractures, absent reflexes. Noted to have a homozygous NMD predicted variant in ADAM23. Also had a de novo missense variant in PRKD1. Knockout ADAM23 mice show early lethal epilepsy. Sources: Literature; to: ADAM23 encodes a transmembrane protein receptor which is a receptor for LGI1. LGI1/ADAM22/ADAM23 form a complex that regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the brain. 1 affected individual described in PMID: 40455867 with severe neonatal seizures, joint contractures, absent reflexes. Noted to have a homozygous NMD predicted variant in ADAM23. Also had a de novo missense variant in PRKD1. Knockout ADAM23 mice show early lethal epilepsy. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2667 | ADAM23 |
Sarah Milton changed review comment from: ADAM23 encodes a transmembrane protein receptor which is a receptor for LGI1. LGI1/ADAM22/ADAM23 part of a complex that regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the brain. 1 affected individual described in PMID: 40455867 with severe neonatal seizures, joint contractures, absent reflexes. Noted to have a homozygous NMD predicted variant in ADAM23. Also had a de novo missense variant in PRKD1. Knockout ADAM23 mice show early lethal epilepsy. Sources: Literature; to: ADAM23 encodes a transmembrane protein receptor which is a receptor for LGI1. LGI1/ADAM22/ADAM23 part of a complex that regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the brain. 1 affected individual described in PMID: 40455867 with severe neonatal seizures, joint contractures, absent reflexes. Noted to have a homozygous NMD predicted variant in ADAM23. Also had a de novo missense variant in PRKD1. Knockout ADAM23 mice show early lethal epilepsy. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2667 | ADAM23 |
Sarah Milton gene: ADAM23 was added gene: ADAM23 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ADAM23 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ADAM23 were set to (PMID: 40455867) Phenotypes for gene: ADAM23 were set to Neonatal-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, MONDO:0100455, ADAM23-related Review for gene: ADAM23 was set to AMBER Added comment: ADAM23 encodes a transmembrane protein receptor which is a receptor for LGI1. LGI1/ADAM22/ADAM23 part of a complex that regulates excitatory synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the brain. 1 affected individual described in PMID: 40455867 with severe neonatal seizures, joint contractures, absent reflexes. Noted to have a homozygous NMD predicted variant in ADAM23. Also had a de novo missense variant in PRKD1. Knockout ADAM23 mice show early lethal epilepsy. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2650 | TUBA1C |
Zornitza Stark gene: TUBA1C was added gene: TUBA1C was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TUBA1C was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TUBA1C were set to 39209701 Phenotypes for gene: TUBA1C were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 24, MIM# 621232 Review for gene: TUBA1C was set to GREEN Added comment: New paper (biallelic variants for OZEMA)- i) PMID: 39209701- patients 1 and 2 from unrelated families with primary infertility experiencing recurrent preimplantation embryo development arrest (RPEA) carrying homozygous nonsense variant (p.Gln358Ter) and frameshift deletion variant (p.Tyr444Metfs*42), respectively. Transfection studies showed that both variants caused a significant decrease in the abundance of encoded proteins and abnormal cytoplasmic localisation manifested as localised protein aggregation. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2649 | TUBA4A | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TUBA4A were changed from Congenital myopathy 26, MIM# 621225; Hereditary ataxia MONDO:0100309, TUBA4A-related to Congenital myopathy 26, MIM# 621225; Hereditary ataxia MONDO:0100309, TUBA4A-related; Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 23, MIM# 621231 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2648 | TUBA4A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TUBA4A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 23, MIM# 621231; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2634 | ARF1 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: ARF1: Added comment: PMID 37914730: Three individuals presenting with skin lesions resembling chilblains reported with missense changes at the same amino acid position, R99. Two demonstrated to be de novo. Extensive functional data.; Changed publications: 28868155, 37914730; Changed phenotypes: Periventricular nodular heterotopia 8, MIM# 618185, Type 1 interferrinopathy of childhood, MONDO:0957408, ARF1 related | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2562 | SLC29A1 |
Sangavi Sivagnanasundram gene: SLC29A1 was added gene: SLC29A1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC29A1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC29A1 were set to 35955904; 25896650 Phenotypes for gene: SLC29A1 were set to Disorders of ectonucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism; Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 deficiency MONDO:0019052 Review for gene: SLC29A1 was set to AMBER Added comment: This gene-disease association is an inborn error of metabolism known as disorders of ectonucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism. More evidence is required to support the gene-disease association. - https://iembase.com/disorder/783 PMID: 35955904 Homozygous Glu391Lys responsible for the A-negative blood time in people of African ancestry however is not shown to alter the protein function. Affected individuals will likely not have any phenotypes except the A- blood type. Missense variant is present in gnomAD v4.1 (GrpMax FAF - 1.159% in African/African American Population) PMID: 25896650 3 sibs of European ancestry identified with homozygous c.589+1G>C (rare on gnomAD v4.1 for AR gene) No severe phenotype was observed however periarticular and ectopic mineralization was observed which important regarding bone homeostasis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2511 | NLRP2 | Sangavi Sivagnanasundram reviewed gene: NLRP2: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 18, MONDO:0957230; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2462 | SIRT6 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: SIRT6 was added gene: SIRT6 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SIRT6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SIRT6 were set to 29555651; 30135584 Review for gene: SIRT6 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID:29555651 reported a family with four consecutive cases of late foetal loss with gestational ages between 17 and 35 weeks. The foetuses showed prenatal abnormalities including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), microcephaly, craniofacial anomalies, sex reversal in male foetuses, and congenital heart defects. A homozygous inactivating variant in SIRT6 gene (c.187G > C; p.(Asp63His)) was identified by WES in the four foetuses. There is also functional data available from in vitro studies, SIRT6 D63H mouse embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from D63H homozygous foetuses. There is also functional evidence available from several other studies including PMID:30135584, where CRISPR-Cas9-based approach was used to generate a SIRT6-null cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) model. SIRT6-deficient monkeys died hours after birth and exhibited severe prenatal developmental retardation. This gene has not been associated with any phenotypes either in OMIM or in Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2452 | EFNA4 |
Bryony Thompson changed review comment from: Supporting animal models, but no compelling evidence in human cases. There’s no supporting segregation evidence and most of the variants reports to date are more common than expected for a dominant disease. PMID: 34586326 - 3 missense variants identified in a cohort of 101 children with non-syndromic craniosynostosis (EFNA4, c.178C>T: p.His60Tyr - 361 hets & 2 homs in gnomAD v2.1, c.283A>G: p.Lys95Glu, c.349C>A: Pro117Thr - 337 hets in gnomAD v2.1). All 3 variants were present in at least one non-affected family member PMID: 23983218, 33065355 - Efna4 KO mouse line demonstrates skeletal variance. Homozygous Epha4 null mice had substantially less trabecular bone in femur and vertebra compared to wild-type controls PMID: 29215649 - 1 missense variant (c.211G>A, p.(Glu71Lys) - 7 hets in gnomAD v2.1) identified in a unicoronal craniosynostosis case in a cohort of 309 craniosynostosis cases PMID: 29168297 - 1 missense variant (c.550C>T; p.(Leu184Phe) - 1 het in gnomAD v2.1) in a metopic craniosynostosis case from a cohort of 391 single suture craniosynostosis cases. The variant was inherited from an unaffected parent. PMID: 19772933 - a de novo 1.4 Mb microdeletion of chromosome 1q21.3, including EFNA1, EFNA3 and EFNA4, was identified in a child with moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, arching eyebrows, low set ears, long eyelashes, persistent fetal pads and clinodactyly. PMID: 19201948 - EphA4 -/- mutant mice exhibit defects in the coronal suture and neural crest-mesoderm boundary that phenocopy those of Twist1+/- mice. The EphA4 +/- mice were similar to the wild-type controls. PMID: 16540516 - 3 variants (178C>T p.His60Tyr - 361 hets & 2 homs in gnomAD v2.1; c.349C>A p.Pro117Thr - 337 hets in gnomAD v2.1; frameshift 471_472delCCinsA) in cohort of 81 non-syndromic coronal synostosis cases. 2 of the variants were inherited from unaffected parents and Pro117Thr was de novo (confirmed). In vitro functional assays demonstrated partial or complete loss of function for the missense variants. Fibroblasts from the patient with the frameshift expressed in an alternatively spliced minor isoform of EFNA4.; to: Supporting animal models, but no compelling evidence in human cases has been reported since 2006. There’s no supporting segregation evidence and most of the variants reports to date are more common than expected for a dominant disease. PMID: 34586326 - 3 missense variants identified in a cohort of 101 children with non-syndromic craniosynostosis (EFNA4, c.178C>T: p.His60Tyr - 361 hets & 2 homs in gnomAD v2.1, c.283A>G: p.Lys95Glu, c.349C>A: Pro117Thr - 337 hets in gnomAD v2.1). All 3 variants were present in at least one non-affected family member PMID: 23983218, 33065355 - Efna4 KO mouse line demonstrates skeletal variance. Homozygous Epha4 null mice had substantially less trabecular bone in femur and vertebra compared to wild-type controls PMID: 29215649 - 1 missense variant (c.211G>A, p.(Glu71Lys) - 7 hets in gnomAD v2.1) identified in a unicoronal craniosynostosis case in a cohort of 309 craniosynostosis cases PMID: 29168297 - 1 missense variant (c.550C>T; p.(Leu184Phe) - 1 het in gnomAD v2.1) in a metopic craniosynostosis case from a cohort of 391 single suture craniosynostosis cases. The variant was inherited from an unaffected parent. PMID: 19772933 - a de novo 1.4 Mb microdeletion of chromosome 1q21.3, including EFNA1, EFNA3 and EFNA4, was identified in a child with moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, arching eyebrows, low set ears, long eyelashes, persistent fetal pads and clinodactyly. PMID: 19201948 - EphA4 -/- mutant mice exhibit defects in the coronal suture and neural crest-mesoderm boundary that phenocopy those of Twist1+/- mice. The EphA4 +/- mice were similar to the wild-type controls. PMID: 16540516 - 3 variants (178C>T p.His60Tyr - 361 hets & 2 homs in gnomAD v2.1; c.349C>A p.Pro117Thr - 337 hets in gnomAD v2.1; frameshift 471_472delCCinsA) in cohort of 81 non-syndromic coronal synostosis cases. 2 of the variants were inherited from unaffected parents and Pro117Thr was de novo (confirmed). In vitro functional assays demonstrated partial or complete loss of function for the missense variants. Fibroblasts from the patient with the frameshift expressed in an alternatively spliced minor isoform of EFNA4. |
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| Mendeliome v1.2432 | CDC20 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CDC20 was added gene: CDC20 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CDC20 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CDC20 were set to 32666501; 33683667; 33898437; 34218387 Phenotypes for gene: CDC20 were set to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 14, MIM# 620276 Review for gene: CDC20 was set to GREEN Added comment: i) PMID: 32666501- Biallelic (homozygous/compound heterozygous) variants in 5 unrelated Chinese women with infertility due to oocyte maturation arrest. Knocked down mouse oocytes showed an metaphase I (MI) arrest phenotype that could be rescued by injection of wildtype human CDC20 cRNA; all of the variants significantly reduced the ability of CDC20 to rescue the phenotype. ii) PMID: 33683667- a compound heterozygous (missense and nonsense) variant in a Chinese woman with infertility due to oocyte maturation abnormalities and early embryonic arrest. iii) PMID: 33898437- 4 patients from 3 Chinese families with homozygous or compound heterozygous variants with infertility due to oocyte maturation arrest, fertilization failure, and early embryonic arrest. Functional analysis in mouse oocytes with knockdown of Cdc20 showed that the homozygous and compound heterozygous variants significantly reduced the ability of CDC20 to rescue the lack of PB1 extrusion (MI arrest). iv) PMID: 34218387- homozygous missense variant in a Chinese woman with infertility due to oocyte maturation arrest at MI and fertilization failure of MII oocytes. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2430 | CCNB3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CCNB3 was added gene: CCNB3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: CCNB3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CCNB3 were set to 35722368; 32938693; 34021051; 30770433; 34850816 Phenotypes for gene: CCNB3 were set to Recurrent pregnancy loss, susceptibility to, MONDO:0000144, CCNB3-related Review for gene: CCNB3 was set to GREEN Added comment: i) PMID: 35722368- homozygous missense variant (p.P119Q) in the female of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) couple (couple 29) ii) PMID: 32938693- homozygous missense variant (p.V1251D) in two sisters with RPL and two of their POCs were characterised and found to be triploid digynic due to the failure of meiosis II. iii) PMID: 34021051- novel homozygous frameshift variant (p.Val1321Glyfs*4, due to splicing causing exon skipping) in a patient with 16 RPL and one of her miscarriages is triploid digynic resulted from the failure of meiosis I. Supporting mouse evidence: iv) PMID: 30770433- Ccnb3 knockout also causes female infertility due to the failure of metaphase to anaphase transition in meiosis I and the extrusion of the first polar body. The infertility in these mice appeared to be due to embryonic lethality before embryonic day 7.5 and some of their oocytes fertilised by intracytoplasmic sperm injection led to triploid embryos. v) PMID: 34850816- Ccnb3-deficient mouse model is similar to a human infertility condition—recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Their findings demonstrate that the triploidy of embryos derived from Ccnb3-deficient oocytes is the primary cause of embryo death (i.e., such embryos can be rescued with euploid nuclei, whereas cytoplasmic Ccnb3 transcript is dispensable for zygotic genome activation and embryo development). Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v1.2428 | TEX11 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TEX11 was added gene: TEX11 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: TEX11 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females Publications for gene: TEX11 were set to 25970010; 29661171; 34621296; 37124723 Phenotypes for gene: TEX11 were set to Spermatogenic failure, X-linked 2, MIM# 309120 Review for gene: TEX11 was set to GREEN Added comment: i) PMID:25970010- hemizygous variants in 7 out of of 289 azoospermic men, including a 90kb exonic deletion (Ex10-12) in 2 European men, 2 missense variants in 2 European/German men, and 3 splice variants in two white and one Arabic men. ii) PMID: 29661171 (2018)- a novel hemizygous missense variant (W856C) in two brothers with azoospermia (absent in the mother- ?can it be gonadal mosaicism). Their testicular biopsy revealed meiotic arrest and no post-meiotic round spermatids and mature spermatozoa were observed. iii) PMID: 34621296 (2021)- seven novel hemizygous variants in three familial (one missense, two splice) and four NOA-affected sporadic (three frameshift, one nonsense) cases iv) PMID: 37124723 (2023)- three novel hemizygous variants ( p.R105*, p.K143Q, and p.G859R) in three unrelated NOA males and their histological analysis of testicular biopsy specimens revealed thicker basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules and poorly developed spermatocytes. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v1.2424 | SEPT12 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SEPT12 was added gene: SEPT12 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SEPT12 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SEPT12 were set to 22479503; 22275165; 35547809 Phenotypes for gene: SEPT12 were set to Spermatogenic failure 10, MIM#614822 Review for gene: SEPT12 was set to GREEN Added comment: i) PMID: 22479503- A homozygous truncating variant (c.474 G>A) in 15 unrelated infertile men and 9 of them had teratozoospermia (88 to 99% of abnormal sperm);Transfection studies also showed that the mutant SEPT12 disrupted filament formation of wildtype SEPT12 in a dose-dependent manner. ii) PMID:22275165- Two heterozygous missense variants (T89M and D197N) in a man with asthenoteratozoospermia and another man with oligoasthenozoospermia. Functional analysis demonstrated that both mutations adversely affected filament formation of wildtype SEPT12 in a dose-dependent manner. iii) PMID: 35547809- A heterozygous missense variant (p.Cys24Ter) in the male partner of a patient couple, who had a previous fertilization failure (FF) after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and became pregnant after ICSI together with artificial oocyte activation (AOA). Their Septin12 knockout mice study also showed that Septin12 -/- male mice are infertile with reduced sperm counts and abnormal sperm morphology but male Septin12 +/− mice are fertile. This observation contradicted with the previous studies showed that male Septin12 +/− chimeric mice are infertile (Lin et al., 2009, PMID: 19359518). The main difference is that the Septin12 +/− chimeric mice were generated in Lin et al., 2009 (PMID: 19359518) was by blastocyst injection of Septin12 +/− embryonic stem cells (ESCs), while their Septin12 +/− founder mice were established by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing in the zygote. The quality of injected Septin12 +/− ESCs might affect the experimental result. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2386 | GAP43 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: GAP43 was added gene: GAP43 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GAP43 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: GAP43 were set to 39738362 Phenotypes for gene: GAP43 were set to neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: GAP43 was set to RED Added comment: PMID:39738362 reported the identification of a heterozygous missense variant in the GAP43 gene (p.(Glu146Lys)) in a 15-year-old female patient with moderate intellectual disability, neurodevelopmental disorders, short stature, and skeletal abnormalities such as left-right difference in legs and digital deformities. The variant GAP43 protein was found to be unstable in neuronal cells and the disruption of Gap43 in mouse embryonic cortical neurons impaired axonal elongation and dendrite formation. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2363 | SLC25A25 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SLC25A25 was added gene: SLC25A25 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC25A25 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SLC25A25 were set to 34346195 Phenotypes for gene: SLC25A25 were set to Nephrolithiasis MONDO:0008171,SLC25A25 related Penetrance for gene: SLC25A25 were set to Incomplete Review for gene: SLC25A25 was set to RED Added comment: SLC25A25 encodes mitochondrial ATP-Mg/Pi carrier 3 A single missense variant was reported in 2 families with renal stones in 2021 by Jabalameli et al (PMID: 3436195). In family 1 there was 4 affected individuals who shared the same heterozygous variant NM_001330988.2 c.1083G>C|p.Gln361His, however this variant was also seen in 7 individuals in the family without stones In family 2 there were 7 affected individuals who also had p.Gln361His however this variant was also seen in 3 family members without stones. This variant is located within the mitochondrial carrier domain and functional studies were performed looking at uptake of radioactive ATP compared to wild type. These studies demonstrated the variant protein had approximately 21% activity compared to wild type. The variant was proposed to have incomplete penetrance and it should be noted there is 4352 heterozygotes in gnomad 4. At this time there is insufficient evidence for a gene disease association between SLC25A25 and nephrolithiasis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2348 | PHACTR4 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PHACTR4 were changed from Abnormality in embryonic development, MONDO:0019755 to Syndromic disease, MONDO:0002254, PHACTR4-related | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2341 | PHACTR4 |
Sangavi Sivagnanasundram gene: PHACTR4 was added gene: PHACTR4 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PHACTR4 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: PHACTR4 were set to 40012205 Phenotypes for gene: PHACTR4 were set to Abnormality in embryonic development, MONDO:0019755 Review for gene: PHACTR4 was set to RED Added comment: The association with human disease phenotype is not yet established - classified as Red. Two affected individuals present with overlapping phenotypic features including some neurodevelopmental features. Both having de novo variants (p. Arg622Pro and p.Leu623Pro) located in the RPEL3 repeat domain. p.Leu623Pro was present at 19% VAF in patient two. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2295 | ARHGEF40 |
Chirag Patel gene: ARHGEF40 was added gene: ARHGEF40 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ARHGEF40 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: ARHGEF40 were set to PMID: 39838643 Phenotypes for gene: ARHGEF40 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: ARHGEF40 was set to RED Added comment: 2 individuals with global developmental delay, hypotonia, short stature, hearing impairment, nystagmus, feeding issues, and dysmorphism (bifid uvula, narrow mouth, high palate, micrognathia). Trio clinical whole exome sequencing identified de novo variants in the ARHGEF40 gene at position p.Arg225, which is fully conserved in mammals and located within the n-terminal keratin binding region (p.Arg225Trp and p.Arg225Gln). Of note, multiple additional probands with rare missense variants at the p.Arg225 residue have been identified by the same laboratory (but there was no consent for publication, providing further evidence of the importance of this residue. The ARHGEF40 gene (aka SOLO) is a member of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rho-GEF) family of proteins, which stimulate Rho signal transduction molecules by converting them from inactive GDP-bound form to the active GTP-bound state. No functional studies to characterise disease-gene relationship or disease mechanism. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2293 | HECTD1 |
Chirag Patel gene: HECTD1 was added gene: HECTD1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HECTD1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: HECTD1 were set to PMID: 39879987 Phenotypes for gene: HECTD1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: HECTD1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 14 unrelated individuals (identified through GeneMatcher) with 15 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in HECTD1 (10 missense, 3 frameshift, 1 nonsense, and 1 splicing variant). Of the 15 different variants in HECTD1, 10 occurred de novo, 3 had unknown inheritance, and 2 were compound heterozygous. All variants were absent in gnomAD, and HECTD1 is highly intolerant to loss-of-function variation (loss-of-function-intolerant score of 1). Clinical presentation was variable developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and epilepsy. The one individual with compound heterozygous variants had growth impairment along with NDD. The variants were inherited from apparently healthy parents, suggesting that genetic or environmental modifiers may be required to develop the phenotype. Significant enrichment of de novo variants in HECTD1 was also shown in an independent cohort of 53,305 published trios with NDDs or congenital heart disease. HECT-domain-containing protein 1 (HECTD1) mediates developmental pathways, including cell signalling, gene expression, and embryogenesis. Conditional knockout of Hectd1 in the neural lineage in mice resulted in microcephaly, severe hippocampal malformations, and complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, supporting a role for Hectd1 in embryonic brain development. Functional studies of 2 missense variants and 1 nonsense variant in C. elegans revealed dominant effects, including either change-of-function or loss-of-function/haploinsufficient mechanisms. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2197 | RUNX1T1 |
Chirag Patel gene: RUNX1T1 was added gene: RUNX1T1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RUNX1T1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: RUNX1T1 were set to PMID: 39568205, 19172993, 22644616, 31223340 Phenotypes for gene: RUNX1T1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: RUNX1T1 was set to GREEN Added comment: RUNX1T1 encodes a transcription regulator for hematopoietic genes and is well-known for its involvement in hematologic malignancies. Germline RUNX1T1 variants may also play a role in human congenital neurodevelopmental disorders. PMID: 39568205 3 unrelated individuals with developmental delay, learning disability, ASD, ADHD, and dysmorphism (1 x heart defects). Trio WES identified de novo variants in RUNX1T1 gene (1 x nonsense variant in 5' region [p.Gln36Ter], 2 x missense variants in C-terminus [p.Gly412Arg and p.His521Tyr]). PMID: 19172993 1 individual with mild-moderate ID and congenital heart disease, and chromosome t(5;8)(q32;q21.3) translocation. Molecular characterization revealed that one of the break points was within the RUNX1T1 gene. Analysis of RUNX1T1 expression in human embryonic and fetal tissues suggests a role of RUNX1T1 in brain and heart development. PMID: 22644616 1 individual with mild ID and dysmorphism, and de novo deletion exons 3-7 in RUNX1T1. PMID: 31223340 1 individual with ID, anaemia, atrial septal defect, dysmorphism, and seizures. Found to have a 2.1 Mb deletion at 8q21.3q22.1 involving entire RUNX1T1 gene (and 2 adjacent genes - SLC26A7 and TRIQK), and a benign familial 4.3 Mb duplication at 1p22.1p21.3 (present in unaffected healthy brother). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2168 | PPP2R2B | Bryony Thompson edited their review of gene: PPP2R2B: Added comment: 5 cases with NDD and heterozygous missense (4/5 confirmed de novo): p.Thr246Lys (unknown inheritance), p.Asn310Lys (confirmed de novo), p.Glu37Lys (confirmed de novo, also had RNU4-2 path de novo Path variant), p.Ile427Thr (confirmed de novo, also had TAOK1 inherited Path variant), p.Arg149Pro (confirmed de novo). 5/5 with intellectual disability and developmental delay, 4/5 with seizures, 2/5 with hearing loss/auditory neuropathy. Study includes in vitro functional assays supporting a possible loss of function mechanism of disease. The 2 missense with additional diagnoses (E37K & I427T) demonstrated a partial reduction in PP2A holoenzyme assembly. Only 3 cases with a possible diagnosis that could be attributed to the PPP2R2B only, and only 2 were confirmed de novo.; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 25356899, 39565297; Changed phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2089 | IRAK2 |
Chirag Patel changed review comment from: 2 individuals with sequential or repeated invasive infections with 2 different variants in IRAK2 gene found on WES testing. The IRAK kinases function as downstream signal transductors following the activation of pathogen recognition receptors. IRAK4 gene has been associated with susceptibility to severe infections by common pyogenic bacteria. Individual 1 had herpes simplex virus-triggered hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with tuberculosis, and a homozygous missense variant (L78P). There are no homozygous individuals in gnomAD (MAF 0.003%). No segregation testing reported. Individual 2 had Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia with candidemia, and a heterozygous missense variant (R506W) which straddles between the kinase and TRAF6-binding CTD of IRAK2. There are 15 heterozygous individuals in gnomAD for this rare variant with no homozygotes (MAF 0.012%). No segregation testing reported. Both patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed tendencies for TNFα hypo-responsiveness to representative bacterial, fungal and viral ligands, in line with subjects with IRAK defects. Immunoprecipitation platform assay to pull down TRAF6 revealed that possession of L78P or R506W variants led to reduced TRAF6 ubiquitination. The led to TRAF6 accumulation and in turn decreased TNFα production (an inflammatory cytokine to invading pathogens). Paper does not comment on reasons for disease in biallelic and mono-allelic form. Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 39299377 2 individuals with sequential or repeated invasive infections with 2 different variants in IRAK2 gene found on WES testing. The IRAK kinases function as downstream signal transductors following the activation of pathogen recognition receptors. IRAK4 gene has been associated with susceptibility to severe infections by common pyogenic bacteria. Individual 1 had herpes simplex virus-triggered hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with tuberculosis, and a homozygous missense variant (L78P). There are no homozygous individuals in gnomAD (MAF 0.003%). No segregation testing reported. Individual 2 had Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia with candidemia, and a heterozygous missense variant (R506W) which straddles between the kinase and TRAF6-binding CTD of IRAK2. There are 15 heterozygous individuals in gnomAD for this rare variant with no homozygotes (MAF 0.012%). No segregation testing reported. Both patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed tendencies for TNFα hypo-responsiveness to representative bacterial, fungal and viral ligands, in line with subjects with IRAK defects. Immunoprecipitation platform assay to pull down TRAF6 revealed that possession of L78P or R506W variants led to reduced TRAF6 ubiquitination. The led to TRAF6 accumulation and in turn decreased TNFα production (an inflammatory cytokine to invading pathogens). Paper does not comment on reasons for disease in biallelic and mono-allelic form. Preprint paper: 2 individuals with immune dysregulation (1 x systemic lupus erythematosus and 1 x autoinflammatory disease) with same homozgyous exon 2 deletion in IRAK2 gene found on WES testing and confirmed with Sanger sequencing. Unaffected family members in trio were heterozygous for variant. Exon 2 encodes a proportion of the death domain, a critical protein domain for Myddosome assembly. The patients exhibited aberrantly upregulated type I interferon (IFN) response following LPS stimulation, which was further confirmed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in mice. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that PBMCs from the two patients consistently exhibited defects in activating NFkb signaling in response to LPS or R848 stimulation, as well as impaired activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. RNA sequencing demonstrated that BMDMs from Irak2 ∆ex2/∆ex2 mice exhibited defects in NFkb and MAPK signaling pathways, similar to patients’ PBMCs. |
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| Mendeliome v1.2048 | BMP5 |
Chirag Patel gene: BMP5 was added gene: BMP5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: BMP5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: BMP5 were set to Skeletal dysostosis and atrioventricular septal defect, no OMIM# Phenotypes for gene: BMP5 were set to Skeletal dysostosis and atrioventricular septal defect, no OMIM# Review for gene: BMP5 was set to RED Added comment: 1 patient with skeletal dysostosis, atrioventricular septal defect, hypermobility, laryngo-tracheo-bronchomalacia and dysmorphic features (malar hypoplasia, short palpebral fissures, short nose, low nasal bridge, anteverted nares, long philtrum, small ears with abnormally folded antihelix). Skeletal survey showed mild thoracolumbar scoliosis, four sacral segments, absent ossification of the inferior pubic rami, and patellar aplasia. Trio WGS identified compound heterozygous loss of function variants in BMP5 (c.88_89del, p.(Gly30Argfs*11) and c.1104+2del, p.(?). Abnormal splicing was proven on the suspected splice variant using maternal fibroblasts. BMP5 expression is confined to specific parts of the skeleton and cartilage in mice and is tightly regulated by different enhancers. Previous studies of chicken embryonic heart development showed BMP5 expression in the endoderm underlying the precardiac mesoderm, the myocardium of the atrioventricular canal and outflow tract regions. Other bone morphogenetic proteins are linked to several genetic skeletal disorders. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.2020 | TREM2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TREM2 were changed from Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 2, MIM# 618193 to Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 2, MIM# 618193; {Alzhieimer disease 17, susceptibility to}, MIM# 615080 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.2019 | TREM2 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: TREM2: Changed phenotypes: Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 2, MIM# 618193, {Alzhieimer disease 17, susceptibility to}, MIM# 615080 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1998 | GPN2 |
Mark Cleghorn gene: GPN2 was added gene: GPN2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: GPN2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: GPN2 were set to complex neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0100038; Perrault syndrome Penetrance for gene: GPN2 were set to unknown Review for gene: GPN2 was set to AMBER Added comment: GPN2 ESHG talk 2/6/24, unpublished Thomas Smith, University of Manchester Biallelic GPN2 proposed to cause Perrault syndrome (SNHL, ovarian dysfunction, NDD) RNA polymerase assembly factor 4 families (14 affected individuals) w biallalic GPN2 rare missense variants Segregated w phenotype Fam 2 and 3 may be distantly related (leaving 3 distinct kindreds) Clinical features 13/14 SNHL 3/4 families all females of adolescent age or older had primary ovarian insufficiency 4/4 GDD, ataxia (no data on family w 10 affected indiv.) Some functional work, not conclusive Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.1983 | SPARCL1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SPARCL1 was added gene: SPARCL1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SPARCL1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SPARCL1 were set to 39169229 Phenotypes for gene: SPARCL1 were set to Corneal dystrophy, MONDO:0018102 Review for gene: SPARCL1 was set to RED Added comment: 8 affected individuals with corneal dystrophy from 1 family (3 generations). Affected individuals had diffuse central stromal opacity, with reduced visual acuity in older family members. Histopathology of affected cornea tissue revealed mild stromal textural alterations with alcianophilic deposits. WGS from 4 affected individuals in family identified a novel heterozygous missense variant in exon 4 of SPARCL1 (c.334G > A; p.(Glu112Lys)) which segregated with disease. SPARC-like protein 1 (SPARCL1) is a secreted matricellular protein involved in cell migration, cell adhesion, tissue repair, and remodelling. SPARCL1 has been shown to regulate decorin. Heterozygous variants in DCN, encoding decorin, cause autosomal dominant congenital stromal corneal dystrophy, suggesting a common pathogenic pathway. Immunohistochemistry showed the level of decorin was significantly decreased in the corneal stroma of the affected tissue, and SPARCL1 appeared to be retained in the epithelium. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1973 | TTL |
Mark Cleghorn gene: TTL was added gene: TTL was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: TTL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: TTL were set to complex neurodevelopmental disorderMONDO:0100038 Added comment: TTL Valentina Serpieri, University of Pavia ESHG talk 1/6/24 FAM1 (Italy) 2 affected sisters born to consanguineous Pakistani parents GDD, spastic tetraparesis, optic atrophy, brain anomalies resembling tubulinopathies (dysplasia of corpus callosum, basal ganglia, brainstem) WES: homozygous TTL:c.1013G>A; p.Cys338Tyr in both affected sisters Via genematcher 5 more families (9 individuals) w similar phenotypes and biallelic variants in TTL FAM2 (Egypt): homozygous p.Arg46Pro FAM3 (Egypt): homozygous p.Arg46Pro FAM4 (Australia): homozygous p.Gln183Arg FAM5 (France): homozygous p.Trp147* FAM6 (Saudi Arabia): homozygous p.His243Tyr TTL KO mice: death soon after birth, no overt malformations, but defects in organisation of cerebral layers Functional work on patient fibroblasts FAM1 – reduced quantity of TTL protein compared to control on Western blot, decreased function of TTL protein (increase in detyrosinated tubulin) compared to controls – infer LoF as mechanism FAM3 – mentioned but no details FAM4– mentioned but no details Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.1948 | CSMD1 |
Krithika Murali gene: CSMD1 was added gene: CSMD1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CSMD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CSMD1 were set to PMID:38816421 Phenotypes for gene: CSMD1 were set to complex neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0100038 Review for gene: CSMD1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID 38816421 Werren et al 2024 report 8 individuals from 6 families identified through exome sequencing and subsequent gene-sharing efforts with biallelic missense CSMD1 variants. Shared phenotypic features included: GDD, ID, microcephaly and polymicrogyria. Other features included dysmorphism, IUGR, hypotonia, arthrogryposis, seizures, opthalmological anomalies and other brain white matter anomalies Heterozygous parents were unaffected. Loss of function is the postulated mechanism based on experimental data involving early-stage forebrain organoids differentiated from CSMD1 knockout human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). ClinGen haploinsufficiency score of 1, however, this curation was last reviewed in 2018. This gene is within the scope of review for the ClinGen Autisim and ID GCEP. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1888 | SLC7A5 |
Sangavi Sivagnanasundram gene: SLC7A5 was added gene: SLC7A5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC7A5 was set to Unknown Publications for gene: SLC7A5 were set to 29884839 Phenotypes for gene: SLC7A5 were set to Large neutral amino acid transporter deficiency (MIM#600182) Review for gene: SLC7A5 was set to RED Added comment: Classified an inborn error of amino acid metabolism by IEMbase however more evidence is required to support the gene-disease association. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.1888 | CRNKL1 |
Mark Cleghorn gene: CRNKL1 was added gene: CRNKL1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: CRNKL1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Phenotypes for gene: CRNKL1 were set to complex neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0100038 Review for gene: CRNKL1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Unpublished, presented at ESHG June 2024 - Louise Bicknell, University of Otago NZ 8 unrelated families via gene matcher with rare, de novo, missense variants in CRNKL1 severe microcephaly (all, -8 to -11 SD) ID/epilepsy pontocerebellar hypoplasia (6/8) simplified gyration (8/8) 7 variants are missense at p.Arg267 residue 1 variant missense at p.Arg301 RNA-seq on patient fibroblasts - no alteration in gene expression Zebrafish homolog of Arg267 and Arg301 - mimics observed phenotype (reduced brain development), increased in embryo apoptosis RNA seq on affected zebrafish embryos - transcriptome strongly disrupted Splicing analysis in progress CRKNL1 supports U6 structure in spliceosome Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.1816 | ATXN7L3 |
Chirag Patel gene: ATXN7L3 was added gene: ATXN7L3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ATXN7L3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: ATXN7L3 were set to PMID: 38753057 Phenotypes for gene: ATXN7L3 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO_0100500 Review for gene: ATXN7L3 was set to GREEN gene: ATXN7L3 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: This study reports 9 unrelated individuals with de novo heterozygous variants in ATXN7L3 identified through WES testing and GeneMatcher. Core clinical features included: global motor and language developmental delay, hypotonia, and dysmorphic features (hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, blepharoptosis, small nose, small mouth, and low-set posteriorly rotated ears). Variable features included: feeding difficulties, seizures, mild periventricular leukomalacia, and structural cardiac abnormalities. A recurrent nonsense variant [p.(Arg114Ter)] was found in 5/9 individuals. The other variants were 1 frameshift [p.(Ser112LysfsTer12)] and 3 missense variants [p.(Ile71Thr), p.(Ser92Arg), and p.(Leu106Pro)]. They investigated the effects of the recurrent nonsense variant [p.(Arg114Ter)] in fibroblasts of an affected individual. ATXN7L3 protein levels were reduced, and deubiquitylation was impaired (as indicated by an increase in histone H2Bub1 levels). This is consistent with the previous observation of increased H2Bub1 levels in Atxn7l3-null mouse embryos, which have developmental delay and embryonic lethality. Pathogenic variants in deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (ND) and congenital abnormalities. ATXN7L3 is a component of the DUB module of the SAGA complex, and two other related DUB modules, and serves as an obligate adaptor protein of 3 ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP22, USP27X or USP51). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1649 | PLXNB2 |
Chirag Patel gene: PLXNB2 was added gene: PLXNB2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLXNB2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PLXNB2 were set to PMID: 38458752 Phenotypes for gene: PLXNB2 were set to Amelogenesis imperfecta MONDO:0019507, PLXNB2 -related; Sensorineural hearing loss disorder MONDO:0020678, PLXNB2 -related Review for gene: PLXNB2 was set to GREEN gene: PLXNB2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 8 individuals from 6 families with core features of amelogenesis imperfecta and sensorineural hearing loss. Intellectual disability, ocular disease, ear developmental abnormalities and lymphoedema were also present in multiple cases. WES and WGS identified biallelic pathogenic variants in PLXNB2 (missense, nonsense, splice and a multiexon deletion variants). Variants segregated with disease. PLXNB2 is a large transmembrane semaphorin receptor protein, and semaphorin-plexin signalling controls cellular interactions that are critical during development as well as in adult life stages. Plxnb2 expression was detected in differentiating ameloblasts in mice. Human phenotype overlaps with that seen in Plxnb2 knockout mice. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1633 | USP14 |
Zornitza Stark gene: USP14 was added gene: USP14 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: USP14 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: USP14 were set to 38469793; 35066879 Phenotypes for gene: USP14 were set to Syndromic disease MONDO:0002254, USP14-related Review for gene: USP14 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID 35066879: 3 fetuses from 2 different branches of a consanguineous family, presenting with distal arthrogryposis, underdevelopment of the corpus callosum, and dysmorphic facial features. Exome sequencing identified a biallelic 4-bp deletion (c.233_236delTTCC; p.Leu78Glnfs*11) in USP14, and sequencing of family members showed segregation with the phenotype. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) encodes a major proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzyme with an established dual role as an inhibitor and an activator of proteolysis, maintaining protein homeostasis. Usp14-deficient mice show a phenotype similar to lethal human multiple congenital contractures phenotypes, with callosal anomalies, muscle wasting, and early lethality, attributed to neuromuscular junction defects due to decreased monomeric ubiquitin pool. RT-qPCR experiment in an unaffected heterozygote revealed that mutant USP14 was expressed, indicating that abnormal transcript escapes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. PMID 38469793: biallelic USP14 variants in four individuals from three unrelated families: one fetus, a newborn with a syndromic NDD, and two siblings affected by a progressive neurological disease. Specifically, the two siblings from the latter family carried two compound heterozygous variants c.8T>C p.(Leu3Pro) and c.988C>T p.(Arg330*), while the fetus had a homozygous frameshift c.899_902del p.(Lys300Serfs*24) variant and the newborn patient harbored a homozygous frameshift c.233_236del p.(Leu78Glnfs*11) variant. The fetus and the newborn had extensive brain malformations. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1589 | UBAP1L |
Ee Ming Wong changed review comment from: - Twelve unrelated families with Hungary, the United States, Israel, Tunisia and the Netherlands with members presenting with autosomal recessive rod-cone or cone-rod dystrophy - Reported variants included splice, nonsense, frameshift and in-frame del variants - Age of disease onset was very variable, with some patients experiencing first symptoms during their fourth decade of life or later. Sources: Literature; to: - Twelve unrelated families with Hungary, the United States, Israel, Tunisia and the Netherlands with members presenting with autosomal recessive rod-cone or cone-rod dystrophy - Reported variants included splice, nonsense, frameshift and in-frame del variants - Age of disease onset was very variable, with some patients experiencing first symptoms during their fourth decade of life or later. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1588 | UBAP1L |
Ee Ming Wong gene: UBAP1L was added gene: UBAP1L was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UBAP1L was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UBAP1L were set to PMID: 38293907; 38420906 Phenotypes for gene: UBAP1L were set to Cone-rod dystrophy (MONDO:0015993), UBAP1L-related Review for gene: UBAP1L was set to GREEN gene: UBAP1L was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: - Twelve unrelated families with Hungary, the United States, Israel, Tunisia and the Netherlands with members presenting with autosomal recessive rod-cone or cone-rod dystrophy - Reported variants included splice, nonsense, frameshift and in-frame del variants - Age of disease onset was very variable, with some patients experiencing first symptoms during their fourth decade of life or later. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1587 | APOLD1 |
Lucy Spencer changed review comment from: PMID: 35638551 1 family with an atypical inherited bleeding disorder characterised by severe spontaneous bleeding episodes in childhood and microcirculatory problems. 4 affected individuals across 2 generations have R49*in APOLD1, another affected individual from a third generation was not able to be sequenced = 4 meiosis. 4 unaffected individuals did not have the variant. This gene has no NMD region, R49* would affect 82% of the protein. Paper is not using the MANE select transcript, alt p. in MANE select is R18* which affects 92% of the MANE select protein Interestingly R49* is created by a delins/2 missense in cis, 1 common R49Q and 1 rare R49W, some UNaffected family members just have the common missense without the other in cis. Immunofluorescence studies in patient platelets showed a 50% reduction of APOLD1 and disrupted cytoskeletal and junctional organization. Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 35638551 1 family with an atypical inherited bleeding disorder characterised by severe spontaneous bleeding episodes in childhood and microcirculatory problems. 4 affected individuals across 2 generations have R49*in APOLD1, another affected individual from a third generation was not able to be sequenced = 4 meiosis. 4 unaffected individuals did not have the variant. This gene has no NMD region, R49* would affect 82% of the protein. Paper is not using the MANE select transcript, alt p. in MANE select is R18* which affects 92% of the MANE select protein Interestingly R49* is created by a delins/2 missense in cis, 1 common R49Q and 1 rare R49W, some UNaffected family members just have the common missense without the other in cis. Immunofluorescence studies in patient platelets showed a 50% reduction of APOLD1 and disrupted cytoskeletal and junctional organization. SiRNA silencing of APOLD1 in HBDEC cells resulted in altered cell shape and size, and were associated with endothelial cell junction dismantling. These cells were also almost devoid of VWF. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1584 | APOLD1 |
Lucy Spencer gene: APOLD1 was added gene: APOLD1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: APOLD1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: APOLD1 were set to 35638551 Phenotypes for gene: APOLD1 were set to Bleeding disorder, vascular-type (MIM#620715) Review for gene: APOLD1 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 35638551 1 family with an atypical inherited bleeding disorder characterised by severe spontaneous bleeding episodes in childhood and microcirculatory problems. 4 affected individuals across 2 generations have R49*in APOLD1, another affected individual from a third generation was not able to be sequenced = 4 meiosis. 4 unaffected individuals did not have the variant. This gene has no NMD region, R49* would affect 82% of the protein. Paper is not using the MANE select transcript, alt p. in MANE select is R18* which affects 92% of the MANE select protein Interestingly R49* is created by a delins/2 missense in cis, 1 common R49Q and 1 rare R49W, some UNaffected family members just have the common missense without the other in cis. Immunofluorescence studies in patient platelets showed a 50% reduction of APOLD1 and disrupted cytoskeletal and junctional organization. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1562 | YEATS2 |
Elena Savva gene: YEATS2 was added gene: YEATS2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: YEATS2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: YEATS2 were set to PMID: 22713812; 31539032 Phenotypes for gene: YEATS2 were set to ?Epilepsy, myoclonic, familial adult, 4 MIM#615127 Review for gene: YEATS2 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 22713812 - 13 members of a single family with Benign Adult Familial Myoclonic Epilepsy (BAFME). The average age of onset was 19.5 (range 10–33) years for tremor and 25 (range 19–33) years for seizures. PMID: 31539032 - Expansions of TTTTA and insertions of TTTCA repeats in intron 1 of YEATS2 segregated in the same family ^. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1538 | SIRT1 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: SIRT1 was added gene: SIRT1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SIRT1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SIRT1 were set to 23473037 Phenotypes for gene: SIRT1 were set to autoimmune disease, MONDO:0007179 Review for gene: SIRT1 was set to RED Added comment: PMID:23473037 reported the identification of a missense SIRT1 variant (p.Leu107Pro) in five members of a single family and all five of them had autoimmune disorder, four had type I diabetes and one had ulcerative colitis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1513 | NUP160 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: PMID: 30910934 1 x patient with familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and FSGS carried novel compound-heterozygous variants in NUP160 (R1173X and E803K). Silencing of Drosophila NUP160 specifically in nephrocytes (fly renal cells) led to functional abnormalities, reduced cell size and nuclear volume, and disorganized nuclear membrane structure. These defects were completely rescued by the expression of the wild-type human NUP160 gene in nephrocytes. PMID: 30179222 1 x family (2 sibs) with compound het variants E803K and Arg910X. 1 Sib had SRNS and FSGS, the other had proteinuria. PMID: 33456446 1 x family (2 sibs) with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Homozygous for NUP160 c.1179+5G>A, confirmed by RT-PCR to cause abnormal splicing [r.1102_1179del;p.(Phe368_Gln393del)]. These individuals also had additional neurological features of intellectual disability and epilepsy. PMID: 38224683 Generated a podocyte-specific Nup160 knockout (Nup160podKO) mouse mode using CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/loxP technologies. They showed that Nup160podKO mice develop typical signs of NS.; to: PMID: 30910934 1 x patient with familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and FSGS carried novel compound-heterozygous variants in NUP160 (R1173X and E803K). Silencing of Drosophila NUP160 specifically in nephrocytes (fly renal cells) led to functional abnormalities, reduced cell size and nuclear volume, and disorganized nuclear membrane structure. These defects were completely rescued by the expression of the wild-type human NUP160 gene in nephrocytes. PMID: 30179222 1 x family (2 sibs) with compound het variants E803K and Arg910X. 1 Sib had SRNS and FSGS, the other had proteinuria. PMID: 33456446 1 x family (2 sibs) with SRNS and chronic kidney disease. Homozygous for NUP160 c.1179+5G>A, confirmed by RT-PCR to cause abnormal splicing [r.1102_1179del;p.(Phe368_Gln393del)]. These individuals also had additional neurological features of intellectual disability and epilepsy. PMID: 38224683 Generated a podocyte-specific Nup160 knockout (Nup160podKO) mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/loxP technologies. They showed that Nup160podKO mice develop typical signs of NS. |
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| Mendeliome v1.1511 | MEI4 |
Lisa Norbart changed review comment from: PMID: 38252283 - 5x compound heterozygous missense variants and 1x homozygous missense variant seen in five individuals across 4 unrelated families affected with female infertility characterised by preimplantation embryonic arrest. Includes one family with two affected sisters with the same compound heterozygous variants. 2/4 families showed inheritance, parental data not available for other two families. Homozygous variant in the consanguineous family appears with a more severe phenotype. In vitro evidence shows variants reduced the interactions between MEI4 and DNA, but no effects on protein levels. In vivo knock-out mouse model showed female mice were infertile, characterised by developmental defects during oogenesis. Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 38252283 - 5x compound heterozygous missense variants and 1x homozygous missense variant seen in five individuals across 4 unrelated families affected with female infertility characterised by preimplantation embryonic arrest. Includes one family with two affected sisters with the same compound heterozygous variants. 2/4 families showed inheritance, parental data not available for other two families. Homozygous variant in the consanguineous family appears with a more severe phenotype. In vitro evidence shows variants reduced the interactions between MEI4 and DNA, but no effects on protein levels. In vivo knock-out mouse model showed female mice were infertile, characterised by developmental defects during oogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1507 | MEI4 |
Lisa Norbart gene: MEI4 was added gene: MEI4 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MEI4 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MEI4 were set to 38252283 Phenotypes for gene: MEI4 were set to Infertility disorder, MONDO:0005047, MEI4-related Review for gene: MEI4 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 38252283 - 5x compound heterozygous missense variants and 1x homozygous missense variant seen in five individuals across 4 unrelated families affected with female infertility characterised by preimplantation embryonic arrest. Includes one family with two affected sisters with the same compound heterozygous variants. 2/4 families showed inheritance, parental data not available for other two families. Homozygous variant in the consanguineous family appears with a more severe phenotype. In vitro evidence shows variants reduced the interactions between MEI4 and DNA, but no effects on protein levels. In vivo knock-out mouse model showed female mice were infertile, characterised by developmental defects during oogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1477 | KPNA7 | Elena Savva Phenotypes for gene: KPNA7 were changed from Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 17, MIM# 620319; Neurodevelopmental disorder to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 17, MIM# 620319; Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO#0700092), KPNA7-related | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1457 | BORCS8 |
Lauren Rogers changed review comment from: 3 unrelated families with five affected children with homozygous or compound heterozygous loss of function missense and PTC variants. HEK293T cells show the missense variants are expressed at normal levels but exhibit reduced assembly with other BORC subunits and reduced ability to drive lysosome distribution. The BORCS8 PTC frameshift variant is expressed at lower levels and is completely incapable of assembling with other BORC subunits and promoting lysosome distribution. Zebrafish KO of the orthologous brocs8 causes decreased brain and eye size, neuromuscular anomalies and impaired locomotion, recapitulating some of the key traits of the human disease. Sources: Literature; to: 3 unrelated families with five affected children with homozygous or compound heterozygous loss of function missense and PTC variants. 5/5 hypotonia, failure to thrive, global developmental delay, profound intellectual disability, muscle weakness and atrophy, dysmorphic features. 3/5 with microcephaly, 3/5 with seizures, 4/5 with spasticity, 3/5 with scoliosis, 4/4 with optic atrophy. HEK293T cells show the missense variants are expressed at normal levels but exhibit reduced assembly with other BORC subunits and reduced ability to drive lysosome distribution. The BORCS8 PTC frameshift variant is expressed at lower levels and is completely incapable of assembling with other BORC subunits and promoting lysosome distribution. Zebrafish KO of the orthologous brocs8 causes decreased brain and eye size, neuromuscular anomalies and impaired locomotion, recapitulating some of the key traits of the human disease. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1457 | BORCS8 |
Lauren Rogers gene: BORCS8 was added gene: BORCS8 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: BORCS8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: BORCS8 were set to 38128568 Phenotypes for gene: BORCS8 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO#0700092), BORCS8-related Review for gene: BORCS8 was set to GREEN Added comment: 3 unrelated families with five affected children with homozygous or compound heterozygous loss of function missense and PTC variants. HEK293T cells show the missense variants are expressed at normal levels but exhibit reduced assembly with other BORC subunits and reduced ability to drive lysosome distribution. The BORCS8 PTC frameshift variant is expressed at lower levels and is completely incapable of assembling with other BORC subunits and promoting lysosome distribution. Zebrafish KO of the orthologous brocs8 causes decreased brain and eye size, neuromuscular anomalies and impaired locomotion, recapitulating some of the key traits of the human disease. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1408 | CEP192 |
Chern Lim gene: CEP192 was added gene: CEP192 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CEP192 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CEP192 were set to 37981762 Phenotypes for gene: CEP192 were set to microcephaly, short stature, limb-extremity dysplasia, and reduced testicular size Review for gene: CEP192 was set to RED gene: CEP192 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID: 37981762: - In one family, chet missense p.His638Tyr and p.Asn1917Ser segregated with microcephaly, short stature, limb-extremity dysplasia, and reduced testicular size in two affected siblings. Both sibs also fulfilled dx for mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA) syndrome and have tetraploidy. - A lower but substantial proportion of MVA/tetraploidy cells was observed in II-1, II-2, and II-4 (who are het for one of the variants). - In the same family, each variants in heterozygous state segregated with infertility and/or reduced testicular size in the proband’s father and maternal uncle. - Variant screening of CEP192 coding regions performed for 1264 unrelated males with idiopathic infertility. - Asn1917Ser was also detected in three additional unrelated infertile males with reduced testicular volumes. - Two other missense and two synonymous variants were repeatedly detected in infertile males. - qPCR showed CEP192 expression was decreased in individuals with c.1912C>T His638Tyr, mini-gene assay showed that c.1912C>T His638Tyr led to the skipping of exon 14, predicted to result in NMD. - Epithelial cells cultured in vitro from patients with biallelic variants showed the number of cells arrested during the prophase increased because of the failure of spindle formation. - Embyronic mouse lethality in Cep192-/- (hom for His638Tyr), Cep192M/M (hom for Asn1917Ser) and Cep192-/M (chet). - Embryos of Cep192M/M mice had significant increase of MVA and tetraploidy cells. - Number of apoptotic cells increased in Cep192M/M embryos compared with that of Cep192+/+, similar result in Cep192-/- embryos. - Male mice with Cep192 heterozygous variants replicated infertility Conclusions: - Association of this gene with autosomal recessive disease has not been established. - Association of monoallelic variants in this gene with infertility is not well established: - Two variants with some supportive evidence from mouse model. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1408 | SV2A |
Karina Sandoval changed review comment from: Monoallelic variants cause epilepsy. Biallelic variant in this 5yo (Hom p.Arg383Gln) reported to cause severe phenotype of drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy with microcephaly, DD, movement disorder and growth retardation. Consanguineous. This paper references 5 other families with both AR & AD Family #1 – p.Arg383Gln, AR, 2 affected in family, parents healthy carriers Family #2 – p.Arg570Cys, AD, 2 affected, inherited from affected mother (in gnomAD v2 1 het, absent from gnomAD v3) Family #3 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, de novo Family #4 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, segregated in 11 family members Family #5 (this study) – p.Arg289Ter, AR, parents and 2 sibs asymptomatic carriers Sources: Literature; to: Monoallelic variants cause epilepsy. Biallelic variant in this 5yo with p.Arg289Ter and another 5yo from another paper with homozygous p.Arg383Gln, reported to cause severe phenotype of drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy with microcephaly, DD, movement disorder and growth retardation. This paper references 5 other families with both AR & AD Family #1 – p.Arg383Gln, AR, 2 affected in family, parents healthy carriers Family #2 – p.Arg570Cys, AD, 2 affected, inherited from affected mother (in gnomAD v2 1 het, absent from gnomAD v3) Family #3 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, de novo Family #4 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, segregated in 11 family members Family #5 (this study) – p.Arg289Ter, AR, parents and 2 sibs asymptomatic carriers Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1408 | SV2A |
Karina Sandoval changed review comment from: Monoallelic variants cause epilepsy. Biallelic variant in this 5yo (Hom p.Arg383Gln) reported to cause severe phenotype of drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy with microcephaly, DD, movement disorder and growth retardation. Consanguineous. This paper references 5 other families with both AR & AD Family #1 – p.Arg383Gln, AR, 2 affected in family, parents healthy carriers Family #2 – p.Arg570Cys, AD, 2 affected, inherited from affected mother Family #3 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, de novo Family #4 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, segregated in 11 family members Family #5 (this study) – p.Arg289Ter, AR, parents and 2 sibs asymptomatic carriers Sources: Literature; to: Monoallelic variants cause epilepsy. Biallelic variant in this 5yo (Hom p.Arg383Gln) reported to cause severe phenotype of drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy with microcephaly, DD, movement disorder and growth retardation. Consanguineous. This paper references 5 other families with both AR & AD Family #1 – p.Arg383Gln, AR, 2 affected in family, parents healthy carriers Family #2 – p.Arg570Cys, AD, 2 affected, inherited from affected mother (in gnomAD v2 1 het, absent from gnomAD v3) Family #3 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, de novo Family #4 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, segregated in 11 family members Family #5 (this study) – p.Arg289Ter, AR, parents and 2 sibs asymptomatic carriers Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1405 | SV2A |
Karina Sandoval gene: SV2A was added gene: SV2A was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SV2A was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SV2A were set to PMID: 37985816 Phenotypes for gene: SV2A were set to Epilepsy, MONDO:0005027 Review for gene: SV2A was set to GREEN Added comment: Monoallelic variants cause epilepsy. Biallelic variant in this 5yo (Hom p.Arg383Gln) reported to cause severe phenotype of drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathy with microcephaly, DD, movement disorder and growth retardation. Consanguineous. This paper references 5 other families with both AR & AD Family #1 – p.Arg383Gln, AR, 2 affected in family, parents healthy carriers Family #2 – p.Arg570Cys, AD, 2 affected, inherited from affected mother Family #3 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, de novo Family #4 – p.Gly660Arg, AD, segregated in 11 family members Family #5 (this study) – p.Arg289Ter, AR, parents and 2 sibs asymptomatic carriers Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1401 | PLA2G16 |
Lauren Rogers changed review comment from: 7 patients from 4 unrelated consanguineous families with homozygous loss of function PTC variants. Features: 4/7 metabolic features, 6/7 neurological/skeletal features, 3/7 Psychomotor retardation/intellectual disability, 5/7 demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Null mouse and patient derived white adipose tissue showed enrichment of arachidonic acid-containing membrane phospholipids and a strong decrease in PPARγ. CRISPR–Cas9-mediated PLAAT3 inactivation in human adipose stem cells induced insulin resistance, altered adipocyte diferentiation with decreased lipid droplet formation and reduced the expression of adipogenic and mature adipocyte markers, including PPARγ. Sources: Literature; to: 7 patients from 4 unrelated consanguineous families with homozygous loss of function PTC variants. Features: 4/7 metabolic features, 6/7 neurological/skeletal features, 3/7 Psychomotor retardation/intellectual disability, 5/7 demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Null mouse and patient derived white adipose tissue showed enrichment of arachidonic acid-containing membrane phospholipids and a strong decrease in PPARγ. CRISPR–Cas9-mediated PLAAT3 inactivation in human adipose stem cells induced insulin resistance, altered adipocyte differentiation with decreased lipid droplet formation and reduced the expression of adipogenic and mature adipocyte markers, including PPARγ. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1401 | PLA2G16 |
Lauren Rogers gene: PLA2G16 was added gene: PLA2G16 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLA2G16 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: PLA2G16 were set to PMID: 37919452 Phenotypes for gene: PLA2G16 were set to Lipodystrophy (MONDO:0006573) Review for gene: PLA2G16 was set to GREEN Added comment: 7 patients from 4 unrelated consanguineous families with homozygous loss of function PTC variants. Features: 4/7 metabolic features, 6/7 neurological/skeletal features, 3/7 Psychomotor retardation/intellectual disability, 5/7 demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Null mouse and patient derived white adipose tissue showed enrichment of arachidonic acid-containing membrane phospholipids and a strong decrease in PPARγ. CRISPR–Cas9-mediated PLAAT3 inactivation in human adipose stem cells induced insulin resistance, altered adipocyte diferentiation with decreased lipid droplet formation and reduced the expression of adipogenic and mature adipocyte markers, including PPARγ. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1381 | KDR |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: KDR: Added comment: PMID 34113005: Exome sequencing in a family with two siblings affected by ToF revealed biallelic missense variants in KDR. Studies in knock-in mice and in HEK 293T cells identified embryonic lethality for one variant when occurring in the homozygous state, and a significantly reduced VEGFR2 phosphorylation for both variants. Rare variant burden analysis conducted in a set of 1,569 patients of European descent with ToF identified a 46-fold enrichment of protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in TOF cases compared to controls (P = 7 × 10-11). At this stage MOI unclear and insufficient evidence for either MOI.; Changed publications: 31980491, 29650961, 18931684, 34113005; Changed phenotypes: Pulmonary hypertension, Haemangioma, capillary infantile, somatic 602089, Tetralogy of Fallot, MONDO:0008542; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal |
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| Mendeliome v1.1358 | PSMB10 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: PSMB10: Added comment: PMID 37600812: 3 additional unrelated patients with compound heterozygous variants with structural modelling of proteasome assembly.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 31783057, 37600812 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1340 | CCDC66 |
Anna Ritchie gene: CCDC66 was added gene: CCDC66 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CCDC66 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CCDC66 were set to PMID: 37852749 Review for gene: CCDC66 was set to RED Added comment: Nonsense variant (c.172C>T, p.Q58X) segregating in family with 5 affected members with high myopia (HM). Additionally, one family member with the variant displayed no symptoms, hinting at possible incomplete penetrance. Six other rare variants were identified in 200 sporadic high myopia patients that could potentially be linked to HM. A deficiency in CCDC66 might disrupt cell proliferation by influencing the mitotic process during retinal growth, leading to HM. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1338 | SGSM3 |
Dean Phelan gene: SGSM3 was added gene: SGSM3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SGSM3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SGSM3 were set to PMID: 37833060 Phenotypes for gene: SGSM3 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), SGSM3-related Review for gene: SGSM3 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 37833060 - 13 patients from 8 families of Ashkenazi Jewish origin all had the same homozygous frameshift variant (c.981dup). Predicted to cause NMD. The variant co-segregated with disease in all available family members. The affected individuals displayed mild global developmental delay and mild to moderate intellectual disability. Additional prevalent phenotypes observed included hypotonia, behavioural challenges and short stature. Considered a founder variant (1 in 52 Ashkenazi Jews carry the variant). Also present in other populations but no homozygotes in gnomAD. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1254 | CFAP20 |
Sarah Pantaleo gene: CFAP20 was added gene: CFAP20 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CFAP20 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CFAP20 were set to PMID:36329026 Phenotypes for gene: CFAP20 were set to Retinitis pigmentosa (MONDO:0019200) Review for gene: CFAP20 was set to GREEN Added comment: CFAP20 is a ciliopathy candidate. Demonstrate in zebrafish that cfap20 is required for motile cilia function, and in C. elegans, CFAP-20 maintains the structural integrity of non-motile cilia inner junctions, influencing sensory-dependent signalling and development. Human patients and zebrafish with CFAP20 mutations both exhibit retinal dystrophy (retinitis pigments). Hence, CFAP20 functions within a structural./functional hub centred on the inner junction that is shared between motile and non-motile cilia, and is distinct from other ciliopathy-associaetd domains or macromolecular complexes. Describe 8 individuals from 4 independent families with damaging biallelic variants (homozygous or compound heterozygous) in CFAP20 that segregate with retinal dystrophy. All variants cluster to one side of the protein, with two of the residues directly contacting alpha-tubullin. Family 1 - consanguineous set of 3 siblings from Sudan, homozygous for CFAP20 c.305G>A; p.Arg102His (they also had a homozygous variant in DYNC1LI2 however CFAP20 was considered the better candidate. Family 2 - 3 siblings from Spain, 2 with retinal dystrophy, 1 genetically tested and has c.337C>T; p.(Arg113Trp) and c.397delC; p.(Gln133Serfs*5) Family 3 - single affected family member compound het for c.164+1G>A and c.457A>G; p.(Arg153Gly). Family 4 - 3 affected siblings with generalised retinopathy and variable neurological deficits with c.164+1G>A and c.257G>A; p.(Tyr86Cys) For all families, no individuals had signs of polycystic kidney disease; however, not all individuals had kidney imaging. Visual defecit phenotype presented between adolescence and adulthood (17-56 years old). Used HEK293T cell expression studies to demonstrate a statistically significant decline of mutated CFAP20 protein levels (with the exception of p.Arg102His). To test the specific variants, they used the C.elegans orthologues. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1165 | FTCD | Bryony Thompson edited their review of gene: FTCD: Changed publications: http://iembase.com/disorder/47 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1165 | FTCD |
Bryony Thompson changed review comment from: Well-established gene-disease association (see OMIM entry). Glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency is classified as a metabolic disorder by the NIH GARD (https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/diseases-by-category/14/metabolic-disorders), and is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism. Sources: NHS GMS; to: Glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency is classified as a benign form of folate metabolism disorder and an inborn error of amino acid metabolism without clinically significant phenotype (http://iembase.com/disorder/47). |
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| Mendeliome v1.1158 | DBR1 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: DBR1: Added comment: PMID: 37656279: - A homozygous missense as a founder recessive DBR1 variant in four consanguineous families. - Total of 7 affected children. WES done for one proband from each family. - Consistent features include prematurity, severe intrauterine growth deficiency, congenital ichthyosis-like presentation (collodion membrane, severe skin peeling and xerosis), and death before the first year of life. - RNA and protein studies using fibroblasts derived from a patient are supportive of pathogenicity: RNA-seq, rt-qPCR and western blotting, showing marked reduction of DBR1 level and intronic RNA lariat accumulation in the patient sample. - Haplotype analysis revealed that the four families all share a haplotype extending at least 2.27 Mb around the c.200A>G p.(Tyr67Cys) DBR1 founder variant. - Authors proposed this is a novel DBR1-related developmental disorder that is distinct from DBR1-related encephalitis susceptibility, and highlighted the apparent lack of correlation with the degree of DBR1 deficiency.; Changed publications: 29474921, 37656279; Changed phenotypes: {Encephalitis, acute, infection (viral)-induced, susceptibility to, 11}, MIM# 619441, Viral infections of the brainstem, Ichthyosis (MONDO#0019269), DBR1-related |
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| Mendeliome v1.1156 | APOO |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: APOO: Added comment: PMID: 37649161 1 family, 2 individuals (male & female) with same NMD variant c.532G>T (p.E178*), maternally inherited (mother unaffected). Both died before 18 months of age with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, bilateral congenital cataract, hypothyroidism, and severe immune deficiencies. Other phenotypes included partial syndactyly of the 2nd and 3rd toes, wrinkled palm, and sole skin. Functional studies included site directed mutagenesis. This mutation resulted in a highly unstable and degradation prone MIC26 protein, yet the remaining minute amounts of mutant MIC26 correctly localized to mitochondria and interacted physically with other MICOS subunits. MIC26 KO cells expressing MIC26 harboring the respective APOO/MIC26 mutation showed mitochondria with perturbed cristae architecture and fragmented morphology resembling MIC26 KO cells.; Changed publications: 37649161; Changed phenotypes: Mitochondrial disease, MONDO:0044970, APOO-related, Developmental delay, Lactic acidosis, Muscle weakness, Hypotonia, Repetitive infections, Cognitive impairment, Autistic behaviour |
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| Mendeliome v1.1071 | SMARCA4 |
Paul De Fazio changed review comment from: Additional phenotype reported: A single missense variant E1610K (M_001128849.3) was reported in 7 affected members of a family with progressive hearing loss due to otosclerosis and no other clinical features. Variant is absent from gnomAD. Note that unaffected members of the family were not tested. A mouse CRISPR model with the orthologous variant had a similar phenotype.; to: Additional phenotype reported: A single missense variant E1610K (M_001128849.3) was reported in 7 affected members of a family with progressive hearing loss due to otosclerosis and no other clinical features. Variant is absent from gnomAD. Note that unaffected members of the family were not tested - some obligate carriers were apparently unaffected, reflecting incomplete penetrance. A mouse CRISPR model with the orthologous variant had a similar phenotype. |
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| Mendeliome v1.1071 | AQP4 |
Lucy Spencer gene: AQP4 was added gene: AQP4 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: AQP4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AQP4 were set to 37143309 Phenotypes for gene: AQP4 were set to ?Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 4, remitting MIM#620448 Review for gene: AQP4 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 37143309 Cohort of patients with an MRI based diagnosis of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC). Missense variant in AQP4 seen homozygous in 2 siblings and het in the parents. Patients had macrocephaly, developmental delay, hypotonia, epilepsy, and cognitive deficit. Western blots on generated MDCK cell lines showed no detectable expression of AQP4 protein from the cells with the patients variant. Immunofluorescence also showed no membrane expression. Overexpression studies in HEK293T cells showed WT was seen as mainly monomers or dimers where as variant protein formed large aggregates- likely due to the saturation of protein degradation pathways because of the overexpression. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1003 | INTS13 |
Chirag Patel gene: INTS13 was added gene: INTS13 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: INTS13 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: INTS13 were set to PMID: 36229431 Phenotypes for gene: INTS13 were set to Oral-facial-digital syndrome Review for gene: INTS13 was set to GREEN gene: INTS13 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 2 families with 4 affected individuals with Oral-facial-digital (OFD) phenotype. Homozygosity mapping and WES found 2 homozygous variants in INTS13 gene. This is a subunit of the Integrator complex, which associates with RNA Polymerase II and cleaves nascent RNA to modulate gene expression. Variants segregated with disease. Depletion of INTS13 disrupts ciliogenesis in human cultured cells and causes dysregulation of a broad collection of ciliary genes. Knockdown in Xenopus embryos leads to motile cilia anomalies. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1001 | DCAF15 |
Chirag Patel gene: DCAF15 was added gene: DCAF15 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: DCAF15 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: DCAF15 were set to Cornelia de Lange syndrome Review for gene: DCAF15 was set to AMBER Added comment: ESHG 2023: 3 unrelated cases with CdLS (1 x TOP with MCA, 1 x death @20mths, 1 x living child) Features suggestive of CdLS - DD, microcephaly, CHD, dysmorphism, visual/hearing impairment. WES identified recurrent de novo variant (p.Ser470Phe) in DCAF15 gene. This mediates ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins, and interacts with cohesin complex members (SMC1/SMC3). Protein analysis from individuals showed increased accumulation of ubiquitination-modified proteins and SM3 (GOF mechanism). EpiSign analysis showed same DNA methylation pattern as other CdLS cases/genes. Zebrafish model showed reduced body length, reduced head size, reduced oligodendrocytes, heart defect, aberrant motor neurons, and abnormal response to visual/auditory stimuli. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.989 | NAA60 |
Chirag Patel gene: NAA60 was added gene: NAA60 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: NAA60 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: NAA60 were set to Basal ganglia calcification Review for gene: NAA60 was set to GREEN gene: NAA60 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ESHG 2023: 10 individuals from 7 families with biallelic variants in NAA60 (missense and framshift). All with primary brain calcification - 4/10 childhood onset (DD, ID), 6/10 adult onset (cerebellar and pyramidal dysfunction, dystonia, parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, psychiatric manifestations). NAA60 catalyses N-terminal acetylation of transmembrane proteins and localises to Golgi apparatus. In vitro assay of variants showed reduced capacity of Nt acetylation. Fibroblast studies showed significantly reduced levels of phosphate importer (SLC20A2). Loss of function variants in SLC20A2 (~50% of PFBC cases) lead to increased extracellular phosphate (which is thought to lead to calcium deposits in brain). Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.978 | DENND5B |
Chirag Patel gene: DENND5B was added gene: DENND5B was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: DENND5B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Phenotypes for gene: DENND5B were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with white matter anomalies Review for gene: DENND5B was set to GREEN gene: DENND5B was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ESHG 2023: 7 patients/7 families with de novo DENND5B variants (6 missense, 1 splice) DD/ID (mod/profound)(7/7), white matter anomalies (6/7) hypotonia, epilepsy (3/7) DENND5B acts as: -GEF for activation of RAB proteins which are involved in membrane trafficking and neurotransmitter release -regulator of lipid absorption and homeostasis Functional studies showed loss of expression of DENND5B in fibroblasts, abnormal vesicle trafficking, and impaired lipid uptake and intracellular distribution Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.956 | RAB34 |
Sarah Pantaleo gene: RAB34 was added gene: RAB34 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RAB34 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RAB34 were set to PMID: 37384395 Phenotypes for gene: RAB34 were set to Clefting; corpus callosum; short bones; hypertelorism; polydactyly; cardiac defects; anorectal anomalies Penetrance for gene: RAB34 were set to Complete Review for gene: RAB34 was set to GREEN Added comment: Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogenous disorders characterised by defects in the development of the face and oral cavity along with digit anomalies. Pathogenic variants in >20 genes encoding ciliary proteins have been found to cause OFDS. Identified by WES biallelic missense variants in a novel disease-causing ciliary gene RAB34 in four individuals from three unrelated families (aided by GeneMatcher). Affected individuals presented a novel form of OFDS accompanied by cardiac, cerebral, skeletal (eg. Shortening of long bones), and anorectal defects. RAB34 encodes a member of the Lab GTPase superfamily and was recently identified as a key mediator of ciliary membrane formation. Protein products of pathogenic variants clustered near the RAB34 C-terminus exhibit a strong loss of function. Onset is prenatal (multiple developmental defects including short femur, polydactyly, heart malformations, kidney malformations, brain malformations), resulting in medical termination for three probands. In the fourth, the only one alive at birth, proband born at 39+5 weeks, normal growth parameters after pregnancy with polyhydramnios, corpus callosum agenesis and polydactyly. Respiratory distress at birth. All four probands presented typical features of ciliopathy disorders, overlapping with oral, facial and digital abnormalities. All with homozygous missense variants. All absent in gnomAD (in homozygous state). Sanger sequencing confirmed mode of inheritance. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.956 | RPH3A |
Lucy Spencer gene: RPH3A was added gene: RPH3A was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RPH3A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: RPH3A were set to 37403762; 29441694 Phenotypes for gene: RPH3A were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO#0700092), RPH3A-related Review for gene: RPH3A was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 37403762- 6 patients with RPH3A variant. All 6 have ID, 4 have epilepsy, 2 with obesity, 1 with dysmorphic features. All 6 have missense variants, 3 shown to be de novo, the other 3 parents were not available for testing. I patient also had language and motor impairment, breathing issues and mixed hypo/hypertonia- he also had variants in CUL4B, PRKAG2, SCN4A, none of these genes cause seizures (which he had). Patch clamp studies on 2 of the missense showed they increased either the number of NMDA receptors on neuron membrane surface or increased their conductance. Study suggests that the variants interrupt the normal role of RPH3A activity at the synaptic NMDAR complex which is needed for the induction of synaptic plasticity and NMDAR-dependant behaviours Previously this gene was reported in PMID: 29441694- 1 girl with learning disabilities, tremors, ataxia, hyperglycemia and muscle fatigability. Chet for 2 RPH3A missense. Functional analysis showed strong and marginal impairment of protein binding for each variant. this is the only biallelic report currently. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.956 | MIR204 |
Chern Lim gene: MIR204 was added gene: MIR204 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MIR204 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: MIR204 were set to 26056285; 37321975 Phenotypes for gene: MIR204 were set to Retinal dystrophy and iris coloboma with or without cataract (MIM#616722) Mode of pathogenicity for gene: MIR204 was set to Other Review for gene: MIR204 was set to GREEN gene: MIR204 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID: 26056285 - Bilateral coloboma and rod-cone dystrophy with or without cataract in nine individuals of a five-generation family. - Heterozygous n.37C>T segregates with the disease in all affected individuals. - Functional analysis including transcriptome analysis showed this variant resulted in significant alterations of miR-204 targeting capabilities. In vivo injection, in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), of the mutated miR-204 caused a phenotype consistent with that observed in the family. - Authors suggested gain of function is the likely disease mechanism. PMID: 37321975 - Four members of a three-generation family with early-onset chorioretinal dystrophy, heterozygous for n.37C>T. - Additionally, four family members were shown to be affected by albinism resulting from biallelic pathogenic OCA2 variants. - Haplotype analysis excluded relatedness with the family reported in PMID: 26056285. - In silico analysis of the MIR204 n.37C>T variant reveals profound changes to its target mRNAs and suggests a gain-of-function mechanism of miR 204 variant. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.936 | MYMX |
Bryony Thompson gene: MYMX was added gene: MYMX was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MYMX was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MYMX were set to 35642635 Phenotypes for gene: MYMX were set to Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome MONDO:0009700 Review for gene: MYMX was set to AMBER Added comment: Single family, two siblings with weakness of the facial musculature, hypomimic face, increased overbite, micrognathia, and facial dysmorphism with homozygous p.Arg46*. The phenotype resembles CFZ syndrome. The variant prevents fusion of myoblasts from patient-derived iPSCs. Mouse model recapitulates a lethal CFZS-like phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.921 | MOS | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MOS were changed from Early embryonic arrest and fragmentation; infertility to Infertility disorder, MONDO:0005047, MOS-related; Early embryonic arrest and fragmentation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.915 | MOS |
Melanie Marty gene: MOS was added gene: MOS was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MOS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MOS were set to PMID: 34779126; PMID: 34997960; PMID: 36403623; PMID: 35670744 Phenotypes for gene: MOS were set to Early embryonic arrest and fragmentation; infertility Review for gene: MOS was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 34779126: 3 x females with infertility with biallelic MOS variants identified. Using oocyte-specific Erk1/2 knockout mice, they verified that MOS-ERK signal pathway inactivation in oocytes caused early embryonic arrest and fragmentation. PMID: 34997960: 2 x females with biallelic MOS variants. Functional studies showed a reduction of protein for two of these variants (missense and frameshift). Functional studies also showed these variants reduced the ability of MOS to phosphorylate its downstream target, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. PMID: 35670744 1 x additional family (twins) with infertility and abnormal oocyte morphology with large first polar body. Functional studies showed the MOS variants could not activate MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in oocytes and HEK293 cells. In addition, functional studies also showed when compared with wild-type MOS, the MOS variants decreased the MOS protein level and attenuated the binding capacity with MEK1. PMID: 36403623 1 x female with primary infertility, patient’s oocytes had a large polar body and poor embryonic development, hom missense variant in MOS identified. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.908 | PRSS8 |
Lucy Spencer gene: PRSS8 was added gene: PRSS8 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PRSS8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PRSS8 were set to 36715754 Phenotypes for gene: PRSS8 were set to ichthyosis MONDO:0019269, PRSS8-related Review for gene: PRSS8 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 36715754 1 family with 3 affected sons with congenital ichthyosis, consanguineous parents. All 3 affected members are homozygous for a canonical splice in PRSS8, quantitative RT-PCR showed a significant reduction in normal PRSS8 transcript. A second family with 4 affected members (proband and 3 cousins) with ichthyosis (3 also had autism), also consanguineous. Only the proband was tested who is homozygous for a missense in PTSS8. However this patient also had a TAAR1 missense (no disease association, but the paper suggests this could be responsible for the autism phenotype- KO mice have abnormal learning behaviour). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.879 | GATAD2A |
Bryony Thompson changed review comment from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100198 - Five unrelated individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder identified with 3 missense & 2 LoF (4 de novo & 1 unknown inheritance). The shared clinical features with variable expressivity include global developmental delay (4/4), craniofacial dysmorphism (3/5), structural brain defects (2/3), musculoskeletal anomalies (3/5), vision/hearing defects (2/3), gastrointestinal/renal defects (2/3). Loss of function is the expected mechanism of disease. In vitro assays of one of the missense variants (p.Cys420Tyr) demonstrates disruption of GATAD2A integration with CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5 PMID: 17565372 - null mouse model is embryonic lethal. Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 37181331 - Five unrelated individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder identified with 3 missense & 2 LoF (4 de novo & 1 unknown inheritance). The shared clinical features with variable expressivity include global developmental delay (4/4), craniofacial dysmorphism (3/5), structural brain defects (2/3), musculoskeletal anomalies (3/5), vision/hearing defects (2/3), gastrointestinal/renal defects (2/3). Loss of function is the expected mechanism of disease. In vitro assays of one of the missense variants (p.Cys420Tyr) demonstrates disruption of GATAD2A integration with CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5 PMID: 17565372 - null mouse model is embryonic lethal. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.868 | POLD3 |
Bryony Thompson gene: POLD3 was added gene: POLD3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: POLD3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: POLD3 were set to 37030525; 36395985; 27524497 Phenotypes for gene: POLD3 were set to Severe combined immunodeficiency MONDO:0015974 Review for gene: POLD3 was set to AMBER Added comment: Homozygous missense variant (NM_006591.3; p.Ile10Thr) identified in a single Lebanese patient, the product of a consanguineous family, presenting with a syndromic severe combined immunodeficiency with neurodevelopmental delay and hearing loss. POLD3 as well as POLD1 and POLD2 expression was abolished in the patient's cells. Null mouse models are embryonic lethal and demonstrate Pold3 is essential for DNA replication in murine B cells. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.853 | RARA |
Zornitza Stark commented on gene: RARA: PMID: 37086723 identified a recurrent, heterozygous de novo missense variant in the RARA gene - c.865G>A; (p.Gly289Arg) - in two unrelated individuals. The variant is absent from gnomAD, highly conserved, major grantham score (125) and is located in the hormone receptor domain (DECIPHER). Both individuals had severe craniosynostosis (sagittal or bicoronal). Other shared phenotypic features included: - Limb anomalies (rocker-bottom feet, bowing of the legs, and short upper/lower limbs) - Additional craniofacial manifestations(microtia, conductive hearing loss, ankyloglossia, esotropia, hypoplastic nasal bones, and oligodontia) - Other additional anomalies included renal dysplasia with cysts, tracheomalacia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, developmental delays, hypotonia, cryptorchidism, seizures and adrenal insufficiency. The authors postulate a gain of function mechanism. No functional studies provided. The gene encodes the retinoic acid receptor. Overlapping phenotypic features in these 2 affected individuals with retinoic acid embryopathy noted by the authors. |
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| Mendeliome v1.850 | RARA |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: RARA: Added comment: PMID: 37086723 identified a recurrent, heterozygous de novo missense variant in the RARA gene - c.865G>A; (p.Gly289Arg) - in two unrelated individuals. The variant is absent from gnomAD, highly conserved, major grantham score (125) and is located in the hormone receptor domain (DECIPHER). Both individuals had severe craniosynostosis (sagittal or bicoronal). Other shared phenotypic features included: - Limb anomalies (rocker-bottom feet, bowing of the legs, and short upper/lower limbs) - Additional craniofacial manifestations(microtia, conductive hearing loss, ankyloglossia, esotropia, hypoplastic nasal bones, and oligodontia) - Other additional anomalies included renal dysplasia with cysts, tracheomalacia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, developmental delays, hypotonia, cryptorchidism, seizures and adrenal insufficiency. The authors postulate a gain of function mechanism. No functional studies provided. The gene encodes the retinoic acid receptor. Overlapping phenotypic features in these 2 affected individuals with retinoic acid embryopathy noted by the authors.; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 31343737, 37086723; Changed phenotypes: Craniosynostosis - MONDO:0015469, Syndromic chorioretinal coloboma; Changed mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted |
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| Mendeliome v1.847 | PMEPA1 |
Hazel Phillimore changed review comment from: PMID: 36928819; Greene, D. et al. (2023) Nat Med. 29(3):679-688. A paper by Genomics England Research Consortium. Genetic association analysis of 77,539 genomes . Eight families with truncating variants affecting the same stretch of cytosines in this gene. In the 100KGP discovery cohort, in three families with Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm disease (FTAAD) of European ancestry, the variant found was an insertion of a cytosine within a seven-cytosine stretch in the last exon, predicted to cause p.(S209Qfs*3). This variant was also identified independently in eight affected members of three pedigrees of Japanese ancestry in a separate Japanese patient group. Also, this study found a deletion of one of those cytosines causing p.(S209Afs*61), in one individual or family. Also, there was one family in Belgium in which the affected members carried a 5-bp deletion in the same stretch of polycytosines inducing a frameshift p.(P207Qfs*3). Phenotypic analysis of the individuals suggest that the phenotype of these FTAAD individuals and families is more like Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 36928819; Greene, D. et al. (2023) Nat Med. 29(3):679-688. A paper by Genomics England Research Consortium. Genetic association analysis of 77,539 genomes . Eight families with truncating variants affecting the same stretch of cytosines in this gene. In the 100KGP discovery cohort, in three families with Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm disease (FTAAD) of European ancestry, the variant found was an insertion of a cytosine within a seven-cytosine stretch in the last exon, predicted to cause p.(S209Qfs*3). This variant was also identified independently in eight affected members of three pedigrees of Japanese ancestry in a separate Japanese patient group. (Note: the variant is present in gnomAD v2.1.1 in 22 heterozygotes as a filtered out variant.). Also, this study found a deletion of one of those cytosines causing p.(S209Afs*61), in one individual or family. Also, there was one family in Belgium in which the affected members carried a 5-bp deletion in the same stretch of polycytosines inducing a frameshift p.(P207Qfs*3). Phenotypic analysis of the individuals suggest that the phenotype of these FTAAD individuals and families is more like Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.841 | PMEPA1 |
Hazel Phillimore gene: PMEPA1 was added gene: PMEPA1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PMEPA1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: PMEPA1 were set to PMID: 36928819 Phenotypes for gene: PMEPA1 were set to Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm disease (FTAAD); Loeys-Dietz syndrome Mode of pathogenicity for gene: PMEPA1 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: PMEPA1 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 36928819; Greene, D. et al. (2023) Nat Med. 29(3):679-688. A paper by Genomics England Research Consortium. Genetic association analysis of 77,539 genomes . Eight families with truncating variants affecting the same stretch of cytosines in this gene. In the 100KGP discovery cohort, in three families with Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm disease (FTAAD) of European ancestry, the variant found was an insertion of a cytosine within a seven-cytosine stretch in the last exon, predicted to cause p.(S209Qfs*3). This variant was also identified independently in eight affected members of three pedigrees of Japanese ancestry in a separate Japanese patient group. Also, this study found a deletion of one of those cytosines causing p.(S209Afs*61), in one individual or family. Also, there was one family in Belgium in which the affected members carried a 5-bp deletion in the same stretch of polycytosines inducing a frameshift p.(P207Qfs*3). Phenotypic analysis of the individuals suggest that the phenotype of these FTAAD individuals and families is more like Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.834 | SLC30A9 |
Lucy Spencer gene: SLC30A9 was added gene: SLC30A9 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC30A9 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC30A9 were set to 37041080 Phenotypes for gene: SLC30A9 were set to Birk-Landau-Perez syndrome (MIM#617595) Review for gene: SLC30A9 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID:37041080 - 2 families previously reported and this paper describes 4 more with biallelic SLC30A9 variants. Original 2 families: 6 affected members all hom for Ala350del, and 1 affected member chet for 2 frameshifts. 4 families from this paper: 2 families have the same homozygous missense (Gly418Val), family 3 has 4 affected sibs hom for Ala350del, family 4 1 affected chet for a frameshift and a synonymous. So 2 fams homs for Ala350del and 2 fams hom for Gly418Val. All have Brik-Landau-Perez syndrome: all with ID, movement disorder and dystonia, and many with oculomotor apraxia, renal abnormalitie, ptosis, some had hearing impairment. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.830 | GATAD2A |
Bryony Thompson gene: GATAD2A was added gene: GATAD2A was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GATAD2A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: GATAD2A were set to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100198; 17565372 Phenotypes for gene: GATAD2A were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, GATAD2A-related Review for gene: GATAD2A was set to GREEN Added comment: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100198 - Five unrelated individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder identified with 3 missense & 2 LoF (4 de novo & 1 unknown inheritance). The shared clinical features with variable expressivity include global developmental delay (4/4), craniofacial dysmorphism (3/5), structural brain defects (2/3), musculoskeletal anomalies (3/5), vision/hearing defects (2/3), gastrointestinal/renal defects (2/3). Loss of function is the expected mechanism of disease. In vitro assays of one of the missense variants (p.Cys420Tyr) demonstrates disruption of GATAD2A integration with CHD3, CHD4, and CHD5 PMID: 17565372 - null mouse model is embryonic lethal. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.824 | KPNA7 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: KPNA7 were changed from Epilepsy; intellectual disability to Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 17, MIM# 620319; Neurodevelopmental disorder | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.821 | KPNA7 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KPNA7: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 36647821; Phenotypes: Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 17, MIM# 620319; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.776 | CRIPT |
Karina Sandoval changed review comment from: PMID: 37013901 identified 6 individuals with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, two new identified and 4 were already published. 5 were hom, 1 was chet, all with different variants. Additionally all presented with neuro dev delay and seizures. CRIPT-deficient fibroblasts showed an unremarkable mitotic progression and unremarkable number of mitotic errors, c.132del p.(Ala45Glyfs*82), hom c.227G>A, p.(Cys76Tyr), hom c.133_134insGG,p.(Ala45Glyfs*82),hom c.141del p.(Phe47Leufs*84), hom c.8G>A p.(Cys3Tyr), 1,331 bp del exon 1, chet c.7_8del; p.(Cys3Argfs*4), hom; to: PMID: 37013901 identified 6 individuals with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome characterised by poikiloderma, sparse hair, small stature, skeletal defects, cancer, cataracts, resembling features of premature aging. Two new variants identified and 4 were already published. 5 were hom, 1 was chet, all with different variants. All CRIPT individuals fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for RTS, and additionally had neurodevelopmental delay and seizures. CRIPT-deficient fibroblasts showed an unremarkable mitotic progression and unremarkable number of mitotic errors, c.132del p.(Ala45Glyfs*82), hom c.227G>A, p.(Cys76Tyr), hom c.133_134insGG,p.(Ala45Glyfs*82),hom c.141del p.(Phe47Leufs*84), hom c.8G>A p.(Cys3Tyr), 1,331 bp del exon 1, chet c.7_8del; p.(Cys3Argfs*4), hom |
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| Mendeliome v1.769 | MB |
Elena Savva gene: MB was added gene: MB was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MB was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: MB were set to 35527200; 30918256 Phenotypes for gene: MB were set to Myopathy, sarcoplasmic body MIM#620286 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: MB was set to Other Review for gene: MB was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 30918256: - Recurrent c.292C>T (p.His98Tyr) in fourteen members of six European families with AD progressive myopathy. - Mutant myoglobin has altered O2 binding, exhibits a faster heme dissociation rate and has a lower reduction potential compared to wild-type myoglobin. - GOF hypothesised - 2/3 of myoglobin knockout mice die in utero, 1/3 live to adulthood with little sign of functional effects, likely due to multiple compensatory mechanisms. PMID: 35527200: - single adult patient with myoglobinopathy - same recurring p.His98Tyr variant Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.765 | NPPA |
Chern Lim changed review comment from: PMID: 36303204: - 1x Brugada patient with heterozygous R107X (NMD-predicted, 5 hets in gnomADv3), regarded as ACMG-LP. PMID: 19646991: - NPPA S64R missense in one fam with familial AF, heterozygous in two affected family members but was absent in unaffected family members and their controls. This variant has 195 hets in gnomADv3. PMID: 23275345: - Segregation of the homozygous p.R150Q mutation of the NPPA gene with the phenotype in the 6 families with autosomal recessive AD cardiomyopathy (ADCM). This variant has no homozygotes in gnomAD. ClinGen gene curation: for autosomal recessive DCM - No Known Disease Relationship (09/04/2020).; to: PMID: 36303204: - 1x Brugada patient with heterozygous R107X (NMD-predicted, 5 hets in gnomADv3), regarded as ACMG-LP. PMID: 19646991: - NPPA S64R missense in one fam with familial AF, heterozygous in two affected family members but was absent in unaffected family members and their controls. This variant has >200 hets in gnomADv3. PMID: 23275345: - Segregation of the homozygous p.R150Q mutation of the NPPA gene with the phenotype in the 6 families with autosomal recessive AD cardiomyopathy (ADCM). This variant has no homozygotes in gnomAD. ClinGen gene curation: for autosomal recessive DCM - No Known Disease Relationship (09/04/2020). |
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| Mendeliome v1.717 | RBSN |
Zornitza Stark gene: RBSN was added gene: RBSN was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RBSN was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RBSN were set to 25233840; 29784638; 35652444 Phenotypes for gene: RBSN were set to intellectual disability, MONDO:0001071, RBSN-related Review for gene: RBSN was set to GREEN Added comment: Four unrelated families reported, consistent feature is ID. PMID:25233840 reported a 6.5 year old female patient with a homozygous missense variant c.1273G > A (p.Gly425Arg) and her clinical presentation included intractable seizures, developmental delay, microcephaly, dysostosis, osteopenia, craniofacial dysmorphism, macrocytosis and megaloblastoid erythropoiesis. PMID:29784638 reported three siblings with homozygous variant c.289G>C (p.Gly97Arg) in RBSN. The proband presented global developmental delay, had complete 46,XY male-to-female sex reversal and died at age 20 months after multiple infections. The other 2 affected siblings underwent unrelated-donor bone marrow or stem cell transplantation at 8 and 6.5 months of age, respectively. Both have severe intellectual disability and are nonambulatory and nonverbal. PMID:35652444 reported two unrelated families (three siblings from a family of Iranian descent identified with homozygous variant c.547G>A (p.Gly183Arg) and four members from a family of indigenous Cree descent identified with homozygous variant c.538C>G (p.Arg180Gly)) with overlapping phenotypes including developmental delay, intellectual disability, distal motor axonal neuropathy and facial dysmorphism. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.711 | EPHA10 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature; to: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. Particularly, Eph overexpressed flies had a poorer performance compared to controls in negative geotaxis assay. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.711 | EPHA10 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature; to: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.711 | EPHA10 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: EPHA10 was added gene: EPHA10 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EPHA10 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: EPHA10 were set to 36048850 Phenotypes for gene: EPHA10 were set to postlingual non-syndromic genetic hearing loss, MONDO:0016298 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: EPHA10 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: EPHA10 was set to RED Added comment: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.708 | YWHAZ |
Zornitza Stark gene: YWHAZ was added gene: YWHAZ was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: YWHAZ was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: YWHAZ were set to 36001342 Phenotypes for gene: YWHAZ were set to Intellectual disability, MONDO:0001071 Review for gene: YWHAZ was set to RED Added comment: PMID:36001342 reported one large three-generation family with intellectual disability and global developmental delay, where all affected members were identified with a heterozygous missense variant (c.147A>T/ p.Lys49Asn) in YWHAZ gene. Although there were 10 other rare variants located in 10 genes (ARHGAP4, AGPS, APOL3, CES3, DACT2, ECH1, FAM71E2, KREMEN1, YWHAZ, ZFYVE26) that co-segregated with the ID/GDD phenotype were identified in the family, they were either not present in all affected members or present in unaffected members. In addition, computational modeling and knockdown/ knockin studies with Drosophila also confirmed the role of this YWHAZ variant in intellectual disability. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.697 | SLC25A36 |
Krithika Murali gene: SLC25A36 was added gene: SLC25A36 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC25A36 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC25A36 were set to 34971397; 34576089; 31036718 Phenotypes for gene: SLC25A36 were set to Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 8 - MIM#620211 Review for gene: SLC25A36 was set to GREEN Added comment: Solute carrier family 25 members 33 (SLC25A33) and 36 (SLC25A36) are the only known mitochondrial pyrimidine nucleotide carriers in humans PMID: 34971397 Sharoor et al 2022 report 2 siblings with hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia and hyperammonemia from early infancy with homozygous SLC25A36 c.284 + 3 A > T variant identified through WES. Functional studies support LoF. PMID: 34576089 report a 12-year-old patient with hypothyroidism, hyperinsulinism, hyperammonemia, chronical obstipation, short stature, along with language and general developmental delay. WES identified SLC25A36 gene homozygous c.803dupT, p.Ser269llefs*35 variant. Functional analysis of mutant SLC25A36 protein in proteoliposomes showed a virtually abolished transport activity. Immunoblotting results suggest that the mutant SLC25A36 protein in the patient undergoes fast degradation. Supplementation with uridine lead to some improvement in clinical course. PMID: 31036718 deficiencies in SLC25A36 in mouse embryonic stem cells have been associated with mtDNA depletion as well as mitochondrial dysfunction Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.695 | TEFM |
Ee Ming Wong gene: TEFM was added gene: TEFM was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TEFM was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TEFM were set to 36823193 Phenotypes for gene: TEFM were set to Mitochondrial disease (MONDO#0044970), TEFM-related Review for gene: TEFM was set to GREEN gene: TEFM was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: - Seven TEFM variants (4 missense, 2 fs, 1 in-frame del) in seven individuals across five unrelated families - Muscle and primary fibroblast from the affected individuals have reduced levels of promoter distal mitochondrial RNA transcripts - TEFM knockdown in zebrafish embryos resulted in neuromuscular junction abnormalities and abnormal mitochondrial function Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.649 | ASNA1 |
Naomi Baker gene: ASNA1 was added gene: ASNA1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ASNA1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ASNA1 were set to 31461301; 16797549 Phenotypes for gene: ASNA1 were set to Dilated cardiomyopathy, MONDO:0001644, ASNA1-related Review for gene: ASNA1 was set to RED Added comment: Two siblings reported with biallelic variants - there were two variants on the paternal allele (c.867C>G p.(Cys289Trp) and c.913C>T p.(Gln305*)) and one variant on the maternal allele (c.488T>C p.(Val163Ala)). Unaffected sibling was heterozygous for maternal allele. Western blotting demonstrated reduced protein expression. Knockout of asna1 in zebrafish mode resulted in cardiac defects and early lethality. The Asna1 knockout mice displayed early embryonic lethality, consistent with a role of Asna1 in early embryonic development. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.625 | NPTX1 |
Ain Roesley gene: NPTX1 was added gene: NPTX1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NPTX1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: NPTX1 were set to 34788392; 35288776; 35285082; 35560436 Phenotypes for gene: NPTX1 were set to cerebellar ataxia MONDO#0000437, NPTX1-related Review for gene: NPTX1 was set to GREEN gene: NPTX1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID:34788392 5 families with multigenerational segregations - late onset ataxia 4 families with p.(Gly389Arg) + 1x p.(Glu327Gly) functional studies done Note: case report of a family member published elsewhere (PMID:35288776) PMID:35285082 1x de novo in a male with late-onset, slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, choreiform dyskinesias, and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome p.(Arg143Leu) PMID:35560436 1x de novo in a female with early-onset ataxia and cerebellar atrophy since infancy p.(Gln370Arg) Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.589 | ARHGEF38 |
Paul De Fazio gene: ARHGEF38 was added gene: ARHGEF38 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ARHGEF38 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: ARHGEF38 were set to 36493769 Phenotypes for gene: ARHGEF38 were set to Cleft lip/palate MONDO:0016044, ARHGEF38-related Review for gene: ARHGEF38 was set to AMBER gene: ARHGEF38 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID:36493769 identified an intragenic deletion by high-res microarray of the same exon (exon 3) in 4 individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. Deletion of exon 3 is present in 6 individuals in gnomAD. Inheritance information was not available. Knockdown and knockout of the gene in Xenopus and Zebrafish resulted in craniofacial malformations in a large proportion (but not 100%) of embryos. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.588 | COBLL1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: COBLL1 was added gene: COBLL1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: COBLL1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: COBLL1 were set to 36493769 Phenotypes for gene: COBLL1 were set to Cleft lip/palate MONDO:0016044, COBLL1-related gene: COBLL1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID:36493769 identified the same multi-exon intragenic deletion by high-res microarray in 3 individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. The deletion is absent from gnomAD. Inheritance information was only available for 1 individual, in whom it was inherited from an unaffected father. Note that the gene is not quite LOF constrained in gnomAD. Knockdown and knockout of the gene in Xenopus and Zebrafish resulted in craniofacial malformations in a large proportion (but not 100%) of embryos. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.583 | OXGR1 |
Sarah Pantaleo gene: OXGR1 was added gene: OXGR1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: OXGR1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: OXGR1 were set to PMID:35671463 Phenotypes for gene: OXGR1 were set to Nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis MONDO:0008171, OXGR1-related Penetrance for gene: OXGR1 were set to unknown Review for gene: OXGR1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Candidate disease gene for human calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Performed exome sequencing and directed sequencing of the OXGR1 locus in a worldwide nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis (NL/NC) cohort, and putatively deleterious rare OXGR1 variants were functionally characterised. A heterozygous OXGR1 missense variant (c.371T>G; p.Leu124Arg) co-segregated with calcium oxalate NL and/or NC disease in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern within a multi-generational family with five affected individuals. Interrogation of the OXGR1 locus in 1,107 additional NL/NC families identified five additional deleterious dominant variants in five families with calcium oxalate NL/NC. Rare, potentially deleterious OXGR1 variants were enriched in NL/NC subjects relative to ExAC controls. Four missense variants and one frameshift variant. Four of five NL/NC-associated missense variants revealed impaired AKG-dependent calcium ion uptake, demonstrating loss of function. Rare, dominant loss-of-function OXGR1 variants are associated with recurrent calcium oxalate NL/NC disease. Six potentially deleterious variants were identified in six of 1,108 NL/NC families (0.54%). Limitations: only probands were able to be recruited for four of six families. In the future, it will be important to determine whether any of the affected family members share the identified OXGR1 variant. They also observe OXGR1 variants in 0.16% of ExAC subjects (selected on the basis of the absence of paediatric disease). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.576 | TRA2B |
Elena Savva gene: TRA2B was added gene: TRA2B was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TRA2B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: TRA2B were set to PMID: 36549593 Phenotypes for gene: TRA2B were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, TRA2B-related (MONDO#0700092) Review for gene: TRA2B was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 36549593 - 12 individuals with ID and dev delay. Additional features include infantile spams 6/12, hypotonia 12/12, dilated brain ventricles 6/12, microcephaly 5/12 - All variants result in the loss of 1/2 transcripts (start-losses or PTCs upstream of a second translation start position). Shorter transcript expression is increased, longer transcript expression is decreased. - Apparently het mice K/O are normal, but complete K/O cannot develop embryonically. - DN mechanism suggested Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.563 | SLC26A6 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: SLC26A6 was added gene: SLC26A6 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC26A6 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: SLC26A6 were set to 35115415; 21170874; 32660969 Phenotypes for gene: SLC26A6 were set to Enteric hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis Added comment: Cornière et al. 2022 (PMID: 35115415) identified a single family with a heterozygous missense VUS (c.1519C>T/p.R507W) in the SLC26A6 gene. However, the variant was found in 5 out of 280 674 alleles reported in gnomAD (Europeans and South Asians). In vitro studies showed that the variant affects both SLC26A6 transport activity and membrane surface expression, in turn reducing Cl− dependant oxalate transport. Cotransfection studies indicated a dominant-negative effect on WT. Slc26a6 null mice similarly displayed hyperoxalemia and hyperoxaluria which were caused by defective intestinal back-secretion of dietary oxalate (PMID: 21170874; 32660969) SLC26A6 is currently not associated with any human phenotype in OMIM or G2P. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.507 | GABRA3 |
Sarah Pantaleo gene: GABRA3 was added gene: GABRA3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GABRA3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) Publications for gene: GABRA3 were set to PMID: 29053855 Phenotypes for gene: GABRA3 were set to Epilepsy, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, Penetrance for gene: GABRA3 were set to Incomplete Review for gene: GABRA3 was set to GREEN Added comment: Six variants in GABRA3 encoding the alpha3-subunit of the GABA(A) receptor. Five missense variants and one micro duplication were detected in four families and two sporadic cases presenting with a range of epileptic seizure types, a varying degree of intellectual disability and developmental delay, sometimes with dysmorphic features or nystagmus. The variants co-segregated mostly but not completely with the phenotype in the families, indicating in some cases incomplete penetrance, involvement of other genes, or presence of phenocopies. Overall, males were more severely affected and there were three asymptomatic female mutation carriers compared to only one male without a clinical phenotype. Mechanism suggested - three detected missense variants are localised in the extracellular GABA-binding NH2-terminus, one in the M2-M3 linker and one in the M4 transmembrane segment of the alpha3-subunit. Functional studies in Xenopus leaves oocytes revealed a variable but significant reduction of GABA-evoked anion currents for all mutants compared to wild-type receptors. The degree of current reduction correlated partially with the phenotype. Results reveal that rare loss-of-function variants in GABRA3 increase the risk for a varying combination of epilepsy, intellectual disability/developmental delay and dysmorphic features, presenting in some pedigrees with an X-linked inheritance pattern. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.403 | ARNT2 |
Bryony Thompson gene: ARNT2 was added gene: ARNT2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ARNT2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ARNT2 were set to 11381139; 24022475 Phenotypes for gene: ARNT2 were set to Webb-Dattani syndrome MONDO:0014404 Review for gene: ARNT2 was set to AMBER Added comment: A homozygous frameshift (c.1373_1374dupTC) in six affected children from a highly consanguineous family with a syndromic phenotype including microcephaly with fronto-temporal lobe hypoplasia, multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, seizures, severe visual impairment and abnormalities of the kidneys and urinary tract. In a Arnt2(-/-) mouse model embryos die perinatally and exhibit impaired hypothalamic development. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.390 | FAM20B |
Bryony Thompson gene: FAM20B was added gene: FAM20B was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: FAM20B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FAM20B were set to 30847897; 30105814; 22732358; 27405802 Phenotypes for gene: FAM20B were set to Desbuquois dysplasia MONDO:0015426 Review for gene: FAM20B was set to AMBER Added comment: Two siblings from a single family with neonatal short limb dysplasia resembling Desbuquois dysplasia. One of the siblings underwent genetic testing and compound heterozygous variants were identified in FAM20B ((NM_014864: c.174_178delTACCT p.T59Afs*19/c.1038delG p.N347Mfs*4). Multiple mouse models reported with skeletal abnormalities. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.369 | CENPP |
Seb Lunke changed review comment from: Sources: Literature; to: Single family with dominant SNHL segregated through 5 family members. Truncating variant in NM_001012267.3(CENPP):c.849T>A (p.Cys283Ter). Note: misannotated as nonsense variant in paper. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.354 | NAPB |
Paul De Fazio gene: NAPB was added gene: NAPB was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NAPB was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NAPB were set to 26235277; 28097321; 33189936 Phenotypes for gene: NAPB were set to Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 107 MIM#620033 Review for gene: NAPB was set to GREEN gene: NAPB was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID 26235277: homozygous nonsense variant identified in a 6 year old girl by trio WES with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy characterised by multifocal seizures and profound GDD PMID 28097321: exome sequencing in 152 consanguineous families with at least one member affected with ID. Homozygous nonsense variant identified in a patient with profound ID, seizures, feeding difficulties in infancy, muscularhypotonia, microcephaly, and impaired vision PMID 33189936: homozygous canonical splice variant identified by trio exome sequencing in two siblings with seizures, intellectual disability and global developmental delay, microcephaly (<-3SD), and muscular hypotonia. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.318 | UBAP2L |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Based on Jia et al (2022 - PMID: 35977029) speech, motor delay as well as ID are observed in individuals harboring de novo pLoF variants in UBAP2L. The gene encodes a regulator of the stress granule (SG) assembly. Extensive evidence is provided on the effect of variants as well as the role of UBAP2L and other genes for components and/or regulation of SG in pathogenesis of NDDs. Among others a Ubap2l htz deletion mouse model (behavioral and cognitive impairment, abnormal cortical development due to impaired SG assembly, etc). Data from 26 previous studies, aggregating 40,853 probands with NDDs (mostly DD/ID, also ASD) suggest enrichment for DNMs in UBAP2L or other genes previously known and further shown to be important for SG formation (incl. G3BP1/G3BP2, CAPRIN1). Sources: Literature; to: Based on Jia et al (2022 - PMID: 35977029) speech, motor delay as well as ID are observed in 11 individuals harboring de novo pLoF variants in UBAP2L. The gene encodes a regulator of the stress granule (SG) assembly. Extensive evidence is provided on the effect of variants as well as the role of UBAP2L and other genes for components and/or regulation of SG in pathogenesis of NDDs. Among others a Ubap2l htz deletion mouse model (behavioral and cognitive impairment, abnormal cortical development due to impaired SG assembly, etc). Data from 26 previous studies, aggregating 40,853 probands with NDDs (mostly DD/ID, also ASD) suggest enrichment for DNMs in UBAP2L or other genes previously known and further shown to be important for SG formation (incl. G3BP1/G3BP2, CAPRIN1). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.317 | UBAP2L |
Zornitza Stark gene: UBAP2L was added gene: UBAP2L was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UBAP2L was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: UBAP2L were set to 35977029 Phenotypes for gene: UBAP2L were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, UBAP2L-related Review for gene: UBAP2L was set to GREEN Added comment: Based on Jia et al (2022 - PMID: 35977029) speech, motor delay as well as ID are observed in individuals harboring de novo pLoF variants in UBAP2L. The gene encodes a regulator of the stress granule (SG) assembly. Extensive evidence is provided on the effect of variants as well as the role of UBAP2L and other genes for components and/or regulation of SG in pathogenesis of NDDs. Among others a Ubap2l htz deletion mouse model (behavioral and cognitive impairment, abnormal cortical development due to impaired SG assembly, etc). Data from 26 previous studies, aggregating 40,853 probands with NDDs (mostly DD/ID, also ASD) suggest enrichment for DNMs in UBAP2L or other genes previously known and further shown to be important for SG formation (incl. G3BP1/G3BP2, CAPRIN1). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.283 | MET |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: PMID 30777867: Four-generation Chinese arthrogryposis pedigree with only upper limb involvement. MET c.3701A>G p.Y1234C segregated as heterozygous in 11 affected family members and was absent from 12 unaffected family members. Variant is absent from gnomad. Functional studies showed this variant caused failure of phosphorylation and loss of tyrosine kinase activity of MET receptor. A mouse model was also created with this variant, mutated mice were found to be smaller than WT mice and had reduced myofibres. These mouse models also had defective migration of muscle progenitor cells and impaired proliferation of secondary myoblasts. Phenotypes in this family included camptodactyly, absent flexion crease, and limited forearm supination.; to: PMID 30777867: Four-generation Chinese arthrogryposis pedigree with only upper limb involvement. MET c.3701A>G p.Y1234C segregated as heterozygous in 11 affected family members and was absent from 12 unaffected family members. Variant is absent from gnomad. Functional studies showed this variant caused failure of phosphorylation and loss of tyrosine kinase activity of MET receptor. A mouse model was also created with this variant, mutated mice were found to be smaller than WT mice and had reduced myofibres. These mouse models also had defective migration of muscle progenitor cells and impaired proliferation of secondary myoblasts. Phenotypes in this family included camptodactyly, absent flexion crease, and limited forearm supination. AMBER for this association |
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| Mendeliome v1.283 | MET |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: MET: Added comment: PMID 30777867: Four-generation Chinese arthrogryposis pedigree with only upper limb involvement. MET c.3701A>G p.Y1234C segregated as heterozygous in 11 affected family members and was absent from 12 unaffected family members. Variant is absent from gnomad. Functional studies showed this variant caused failure of phosphorylation and loss of tyrosine kinase activity of MET receptor. A mouse model was also created with this variant, mutated mice were found to be smaller than WT mice and had reduced myofibres. These mouse models also had defective migration of muscle progenitor cells and impaired proliferation of secondary myoblasts. Phenotypes in this family included camptodactyly, absent flexion crease, and limited forearm supination.; Changed publications: 30777867 |
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| Mendeliome v1.208 | SLITRK2 |
Paul De Fazio gene: SLITRK2 was added gene: SLITRK2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLITRK2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) Publications for gene: SLITRK2 were set to 35840571 Phenotypes for gene: SLITRK2 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, SLITRK2-related MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: SLITRK2 was set to GREEN gene: SLITRK2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 6 missense variants and 1 nonsense variant (NOT NMD-predicted, single-exon gene) reported in 7 males and 1 female with neurodevelopmental disorders. Phenotypes included dev delay, mild to severe ID, delayed or absent speech, seizures and brain MRI anomalies (in some patients). The nonsense variant was identified in two affected brothers but not in the mother, suggesting it was de novo in the maternal germline. The variant in the one affected female was de novo. All other variants in hemizygous males were inherited from an unaffected mother. In one case, the variant was also identified in the unaffected grandmother. Functional studies showed some but not all variants displayed impaired membrane transport and impaired excitatory synapse-promoting effects. Conditional knockout mice exhibited impaired long-term memory and abnormal gait. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.137 | NFATC2 |
Paul De Fazio gene: NFATC2 was added gene: NFATC2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NFATC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NFATC2 were set to 35789258 Phenotypes for gene: NFATC2 were set to Skeletal system disorder MONDO:0005172 Review for gene: NFATC2 was set to RED gene: NFATC2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Patient born to consanguineous parents homozygous for a frameshift variant. No other (unaffected) members of the family were homozygous. Family history of recurrent childhood deaths. After a healthy birth the patient developed painless decreased range of motion at 1.5yrs leading to difficulty with ambulation at 3yrs. Formal orthopedic assessment at age 15 years demonstrated a neurodevelopmentally normal young man with marked bilateral fixed flexion contractures of knees, hips, and ankles. The main musculoskeletal findings were painless contractures of the large and small joints of the upper and lower limbs, osteochondromas, and osteopenia. Patient was diagnosed with B-cell lymphoma at age 18. Patient CD8+ T-cells show impaired polyfunctionality, and the patient had an accumulation of non-functional memory CD4+ T-cells. TFH cell function was also impaired. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.134 | CCDC155 |
Melanie Marty gene: CCDC155 was added gene: CCDC155 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CCDC155 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CCDC155 were set to 35674372; 35708642; 29790874; 35587281 Phenotypes for gene: CCDC155 were set to Non-obstructive azoospermia; Premature ovarian insufficiency Review for gene: CCDC155 was set to GREEN Added comment: Current HGNC name is KASH5 Summary: 4 families reported with non-obstructive azoospermia or premature ovarian insufficiency. Functional studies have been performed and mouse models recapitulate the phenotype. PMID: 35674372 CNV and frameshift variants in KASH5 were identified in a non-obstructive azoospermia affected patient and in his infertile sister by whole-exome sequencing and CNV array. Kash5 knockout mouse displayed similar phenotypes, including a meiotic arrest at a zygotene-like stage and impaired pairing and synapsis. PMID: 35708642 Hom splice identified in KASH5 in 2 sisters with premature ovarian insufficiency. In vitro studies found the variant disturbed the nuclear membrane localization of KASH5 and its binding with SUN1. Moreover, the Kash5 C-terminal deleted mice revealed defective meiotic homolog pairing and accelerated depletion of oocytes. PMID: 29790874 2 brothers with non-obstructive azoospermia with hom missense in CCDC155 35587281 2 siblings with hom missense in CCDC155 non-obstructive azoospermia and premature ovarian insufficiency. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.128 | PABPC1 |
Elena Savva gene: PABPC1 was added gene: PABPC1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PABPC1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: PABPC1 were set to PMID: 35511136 Phenotypes for gene: PABPC1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, PABPC1-related (MONDO#0700092) Review for gene: PABPC1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 35511136 - 4 probands with an overlapping phenotype of DD, expressive speech delay, and autistic features and heterozygous de novo variants that cluster in the PABP domain of PABPC1. Electroporation of mouse embryo brains showed that Pabpc1 knockdown decreases the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. Wild-type Pabpc1 could rescue this disturbance, whereas 3 of the 4 variants did not. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.44 | BUB1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: BUB1 was added gene: BUB1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: BUB1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: BUB1 were set to 35044816; 19772675; 19117986; 23209306 Phenotypes for gene: BUB1 were set to Intellectual disability and microcephaly Review for gene: BUB1 was set to GREEN gene: BUB1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 2 unrelated patients with ID, microcephaly, short stature, dysmorphic features reported with biallelic variants: P1 (3yo male): homozygous start-loss variant (2 hets and 0 hom in gnomAD). Functional testing showed a small amount of full-length protein was translated, and BUB1 recruitment to kinetochores was nearly undetectable. P2 (16yo female): compound heterozygous for a canonical splice variant (1 het and no hom in gnomAD) and an NMD-predicted frameshift variant (absent from gnomAD). The splice variant was shown to result in an in-frame deletion of 54 amino acids in the kinase domain. P2 cells have reduced protein levels but essentially no kinase activity. BUB1 patient cells have impaired mitotic fidelity. Homozygous Bub1 disruption in mice is embryonic lethal (PMID:19772675). A hypomorphic mouse is viable with increased tumourigenesis with ageing and aneuploidy (PMID:19117986). A kinase-dead mouse does not show increased tumourigenesis but does have a high frequency of aneuploid cells (PMID:23209306) Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.7 | PROSER1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PROSER1 was added gene: PROSER1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review founder tags were added to gene: PROSER1. Mode of inheritance for gene: PROSER1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PROSER1 were set to 35229282 Phenotypes for gene: PROSER1 were set to Syndromic disease MONDO:0002254, PROSER1-related Review for gene: PROSER1 was set to RED Added comment: 4 children from 3 related families with developmental delay, hypotonia, seizures, failure-to-thrive, strabismus, drooling, recurrent otitis media, hearing impairment, genitourinary malformations, and common facial features (arched eyebrows, prominent eyes, broad nasal bridge, low-hanging columella, open mouth, thick lower lip, protruding tongue, large low-set ears, and parietal bossing). WES revealed a homozygous frame-shift variant (p.Thr612Glnfs*22) in PROSER1. This encodes the proline and serine rich protein 1, part of the histone methyltransferases KMT2C/KMT2D complexes. PROSER1 stabilizes TET2, a member of the TET family of DNA demethylases which is involved in recruiting the enhancer-associated KMT2C/KMT2D complexes and mediating DNA demethylation, activating gene expression. Therefore, PROSER1 may play vital and potentially general roles in gene regulation. No functional assays and 3 related families, likely founder effect. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.14650 | ADD1 |
Chirag Patel gene: ADD1 was added gene: ADD1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ADD1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ADD1 were set to PMID: 34906466 Phenotypes for gene: ADD1 were set to Intellectual disability, corpus callosum dysgenesis, and ventriculomegaly; no OMIM # Review for gene: ADD1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 unrelated individuals affected by ID and/or complete or partial agenesis of corpus callosum, and enlarged lateral ventricles. WES found loss-of-function variants - 1 recessive missense variant and 3 de novo variants. The recessive variant is associated with ACC and enlarged lateral ventricles, and the de novo variants were associated with complete or partial agenesis of corpus callosum, mild ID and attention deficit. Human variants impair ADD1 protein expression and/or dimerization with ADD2. Add1 knockout mice recapitulate corpus callosum dysgenesis and ventriculomegaly phenotypes. Three adducin genes (ADD1, ADD2, and ADD3) encode cytoskeleton proteins that are critical for osmotic rigidity and cell shape. ADD1, ADD2, and ADD3 form heterodimers (ADD1/ADD2, ADD1/ADD3), which further form heterotetramers. Adducins interconnect spectrin and actin filaments to form polygonal scaffolds beneath the cell membranes and form ring-like structures in neuronal axons. Adducins regulate mouse neural development, but their function in the human brain is unknown Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.14647 | GJA5 |
Chirag Patel commented on gene: GJA5: Gollob et al. (2006) presented evidence that tissue-specific mutations in the GJA5 gene may predispose the atria to fibrillation. They identified a heterozygous missense mutation in blood and cardiac tissue in patient with AF. They also found 3 heterozygous missense mutations in cardiac tissue only in 3 other patients, indicating a somatic source of the genetic defects Yang et al. (2010) identified a heterozygous nonsense mutationin a 64-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with paroxysmal AF at 32 years of age. The mutation was detected in 6 additional affected family members, but was not found in 6 unaffected family members or in 200 ethnically matched controls. Yang et al. (2010) identified 3 heterozygous missense mutations in 3 probands with AF. The mutations segregated with disease in all 3 families and were not found in 200 ethnically matched controls. Sun et al. (2013) identified a heterozygous missense mutation in a 42-year-old woman who had been diagnosed with AF at age 40 years. The mutation was also detected in her father, who had been diagnosed with lone AF at 41 years of age, but it was not found in unaffected family members, in 200 controls, or in the dbSNP database. Functional analysis demonstrated that the I75F mutant is unable to form functional gap junction channels and also impairs coupling when expressed with wildtype CX40 or CX43. |
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| Mendeliome v0.13792 | CD164 |
Alison Yeung gene: CD164 was added gene: CD164 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CD164 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CD164 were set to 26197441; 35254497; 26197441 Phenotypes for gene: CD164 were set to Deafness, autosomal dominant 66, MIM# 616969 Review for gene: CD164 was set to GREEN Added comment: p.(Arg192Ter), a truncating variant that results in loss of 6 amino acids, was detected in two families (one Polish and one Korean) with hearing loss. Four affected (heterozygous) and two unaffected (neg) were tested, however 14 members had been diagnosed with HL in a large multi generational family (gene panel 237 genes). The second family (WES) had two affected heterozygous and no unaffected were tested. This same variant had previously been reported in a Danish family (12 affected heterozygous and 13 unaffected negative, but one younger member unaffected are heterozygous) with hearing loss (PMID: 26197441), for which functional studies in HEK cells demonstrated that the truncated protein was almost completely retained on the plasma cell membrane in contrast to the wild-type protein, which targeted primarily to the endo-lysosomal compartments. The YHTL motif, deleted by the c.574C>T nonsense mutation, is a canonical sorting motif known to be recognized by specific adaptor proteins in the cytosol, leading to subcellular trafficking of the transmembrane protein to endosomes and lysosomes. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.13673 | COL6A2 |
Ain Roesley changed review comment from: GeneReviews PMID:20301676 AD variants typically occur near the N terminal of the triple helical (TH) domain, which contains a critical region of 10 to 15 Gly-X-Y triplets; in-frame exon-skipping variants and glycine substitutions in this region tend to result in more severe phenotypes AR variants are usually nonsense or fs, or biallelic variants located near the C-terminal end of the TH domain, where they will be excluded from assembly COL621 accounts for 44-46% of Collagen VI-Related Dystrophies cases; to: GeneReviews PMID:20301676 AD variants typically occur near the N terminal of the triple helical (TH) domain, which contains a critical region of 10 to 15 Gly-X-Y triplets; in-frame exon-skipping variants and glycine substitutions in this region tend to result in more severe phenotypes AR variants are usually nonsense or fs, or biallelic variants located near the C-terminal end of the TH domain, where they will be excluded from assembly COL6A2 accounts for 44-46% of Collagen VI-Related Dystrophies cases |
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| Mendeliome v0.13671 | COL6A1 |
Ain Roesley changed review comment from: Well established association Genereviews PMID:20301676 AD variants typically occur near the N terminal of the triple helical (TH) domain, which contains a critical region of 10 to 15 Gly-X-Y triplets; in-frame exon-skipping variants and glycine substitutions in this region tend to result in more severe phenotypes AR variants are usually nonsense or fs, or biallelic variants located near the C-terminal end of the TH domain, where they will be excluded from assembly; to: Well established association Genereviews PMID:20301676 AD variants typically occur near the N terminal of the triple helical (TH) domain, which contains a critical region of 10 to 15 Gly-X-Y triplets; in-frame exon-skipping variants and glycine substitutions in this region tend to result in more severe phenotypes AR variants are usually nonsense or fs, or biallelic variants located near the C-terminal end of the TH domain, where they will be excluded from assembly COL6A1 accounts for 35-38% of Collagen VI-Related Dystrophies cases |
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| Mendeliome v0.13669 | COL6A1 |
Ain Roesley changed review comment from: Well established association Both loss-of-function and dominant negative mechanism has been reported for this gene. Mutations result in a spectrum of disease, ranging from the milder Bethlem myopathy (monoallelic) to the more severe Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (biallelic) (PMID: 29277723; 24443028). Sources: Literature; to: Well established association Genereviews PMID:20301676 AD variants typically occur near the N terminal of the triple helical (TH) domain, which contains a critical region of 10 to 15 Gly-X-Y triplets; in-frame exon-skipping variants and glycine substitutions in this region tend to result in more severe phenotypes AR variants are usually nonsense or fs, or biallelic variants located near the C-terminal end of the TH domain, where they will be excluded from assembly |
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| Mendeliome v0.13297 | PDGFRA |
Krithika Murali changed review comment from: ?Suitability for Incidentalome versus Mendeliome based on adult age of diagnosis in reported cases. --- Six unrelated families reported with heterozygous germline variants associated with familial GIST and/or inflammatory fibroid polyps - IFP (benign lesions caused by excessive tissue proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lumen of the GI tract). Note that reported individuals diagnosed as adults. One individual reported with diagnosis of gastric mass/polyps age 22 (in 1977) raising the possibility of pre-symptomatic disease onset in adolescence. Green PanelApp England in the following panels: tumour predisposition - childhood onset; inherited predisposition to GIST; sarcoma cancer susceptibility. --- PMID 34107389 Hodan et al 2021 - report a 35 yo F with jejunal IFP and a heterozygous germline missense PDGFRA variant (c.1664A>G p.Y555C) . The variant segregated with 3 relatives with confirmed IFPs. Two obligate carriers were reported to have had a similar phenotype while at least one obligate male carrier had no reported history of IFPs. This variant was also reported in an unrelated family with multiple IFPs in 2006. PMID 29486293 Manley et al 2018 - proband is a 50 yo M with multiple ileal intusussceptions and IFPs and GIST. Heterozygous D846V germline variant identified. Variant identified in daughter and 2 siblings. Coarser face, coarser skin, broader hands and feet, unexplained premature loss of teeth requiring dentures in their 40s described in relatives with the variant, no polyps or tumour identified in screened family members. Pdgfra +/K mutant mice recapitulated the human phenotype. Mice with the constitutively activated mutant PDGFRA shown to have diffuse expansion of the gastrointestinal submucosa, which exhibits an increased number of spindled fibroblast-like cells and marked collagen deposition. Mutant mice also develop intestinal polyps morphologically similar to IFPs. The Pdgfra +/K mice also exhibit thickened skin due to excess collagen deposition within the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. PMID 25975287 Ricci et al 2015 - report a family with het germline P653L PDGFRA missense variant. The proband was a 67 yo M with multiple intra-abdominal GIST and gastric/colonic inflammatory fibroid polyps. Multiple adult relatives (youngest age 31) were diagnosed with IFPs/fibrous tumours with the variant segregating with disease. PMID: 18670346 Carney et al 2008 and PMID: 17566086 Pasini et al 2007 - heterozygous germline PDGFRA mutation (V561D) in an individual with GIST and multiple polyps, diagnosed initially aged 22 with multiple GIST/polyps. No other relatives available for genotyping and no other significant family history reported. PMID: 17087943 de Raedt et al 2006 - heterozygous PDGFRA(Y555C) variant reported in a family with multiple relatives affected by IFP, including one death from secondary bowel obstruction age 35. PMID: 14699510 Chompret et al 2004 - Heterozygous c.2675G>T D846Y germline variant detected in a French family with 5 relatives developing adult-onset GIST, variant segregated with disease. -- Gain of function somatic variants associated with sporadic GIST. Somatic chromosomal rearrangements resulting in PDGFRA and FIP1L1 gene fusion associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.; to: Six unrelated families reported with heterozygous germline variants associated with familial GIST and/or inflammatory fibroid polyps - IFP (benign lesions caused by excessive tissue proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lumen of the GI tract). Note that reported individuals diagnosed as adults. One individual reported with diagnosis of gastric mass/polyps age 22 (in 1977) raising the possibility of pre-symptomatic disease onset in adolescence. Green PanelApp England in the following panels: tumour predisposition - childhood onset; inherited predisposition to GIST; sarcoma cancer susceptibility. --- PMID 34107389 Hodan et al 2021 - report a 35 yo F with jejunal IFP and a heterozygous germline missense PDGFRA variant (c.1664A>G p.Y555C) . The variant segregated with 3 relatives with confirmed IFPs. Two obligate carriers were reported to have had a similar phenotype while at least one obligate male carrier had no reported history of IFPs. This variant was also reported in an unrelated family with multiple IFPs in 2006. PMID 29486293 Manley et al 2018 - proband is a 50 yo M with multiple ileal intusussceptions and IFPs and GIST. Heterozygous D846V germline variant identified. Variant identified in daughter and 2 siblings. Coarser face, coarser skin, broader hands and feet, unexplained premature loss of teeth requiring dentures in their 40s described in relatives with the variant, no polyps or tumour identified in screened family members. Pdgfra +/K mutant mice recapitulated the human phenotype. Mice with the constitutively activated mutant PDGFRA shown to have diffuse expansion of the gastrointestinal submucosa, which exhibits an increased number of spindled fibroblast-like cells and marked collagen deposition. Mutant mice also develop intestinal polyps morphologically similar to IFPs. The Pdgfra +/K mice also exhibit thickened skin due to excess collagen deposition within the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. PMID 25975287 Ricci et al 2015 - report a family with het germline P653L PDGFRA missense variant. The proband was a 67 yo M with multiple intra-abdominal GIST and gastric/colonic inflammatory fibroid polyps. Multiple adult relatives (youngest age 31) were diagnosed with IFPs/fibrous tumours with the variant segregating with disease. PMID: 18670346 Carney et al 2008 and PMID: 17566086 Pasini et al 2007 - heterozygous germline PDGFRA mutation (V561D) in an individual with GIST and multiple polyps, diagnosed initially aged 22 with multiple GIST/polyps. No other relatives available for genotyping and no other significant family history reported. PMID: 17087943 de Raedt et al 2006 - heterozygous PDGFRA(Y555C) variant reported in a family with multiple relatives affected by IFP, including one death from secondary bowel obstruction age 35. PMID: 14699510 Chompret et al 2004 - Heterozygous c.2675G>T D846Y germline variant detected in a French family with 5 relatives developing adult-onset GIST, variant segregated with disease. -- Gain of function somatic variants associated with sporadic GIST. Somatic chromosomal rearrangements resulting in PDGFRA and FIP1L1 gene fusion associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. |
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| Mendeliome v0.13263 | RSPH4A |
Belinda Chong changed review comment from: Radial spokes are regularly spaced along cilia, sperm, and flagella axonemes and have a multisubunit 'stalk' and 'head' that form a signal transduction scaffold between the central microtubule pair and dynein arms. RSPH4A is predicted to be a component of the radial spoke head based on homology with proteins in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other ciliates (Castleman et al., 2009; PMID19200523) 9 families with primary ciliary dyskinesia without situs inversus (Kott et al. 2013 (PMID:23993197), Castleman et al., 2009 (PMID19200523) and Daniels et al. 2013; (PMID:23798057)): - In affected members of 4 Pakistani families with CILD11, Castleman et al. (2009) identified a homozygous mutation in the RSPH4A gene. - In affected members of a family of northern European descent with CILD11, Castleman et al. (2009) identified compound heterozygosity for 2 mutations in the RSPH4A gene - Kott et al. (2013) identified pathogenic mutations in the RSPH4A gene in 7 (14%) of 48 families with a specific CILD. Common founder mutation: - Daniels et al. (2013) identified a common founder mutation in the RSPH4A gene in 9 patients with CILD11, all of whom had Puerto Rican ancestry. Multiple individuals in ClinVar with primary ciliary dyskinesia; to: Radial spokes are regularly spaced along cilia, sperm, and flagella axonemes and have a multisubunit 'stalk' and 'head' that form a signal transduction scaffold between the central microtubule pair and dynein arms. RSPH4A is predicted to be a component of the radial spoke head based on homology with proteins in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other ciliates (Castleman et al., 2009; PMID19200523) 9 families with primary ciliary dyskinesia without situs inversus (Kott et al. 2013 (PMID:23993197), Castleman et al., 2009 (PMID19200523) and Daniels et al. 2013; (PMID:23798057)): - In affected members of 4 Pakistani families with CILD11, Castleman et al. (2009) identified a homozygous mutation in the RSPH4A gene. - In affected members of a family of northern European descent with CILD11, Castleman et al. (2009) identified compound heterozygosity for 2 mutations in the RSPH4A gene - Kott et al. (2013) identified pathogenic mutations in the RSPH4A gene in 7 (14%) of 48 families with a specific CILD. Common founder mutation: - Daniels et al. (2013) identified a common founder mutation in the RSPH4A gene in 9 patients with CILD11, all of whom had Puerto Rican ancestry. Multiple individuals in ClinVar with primary ciliary dyskinesia PMID: 25789548; Frommer 2015: 8 PCD families reported, only 4 different variants identified. Functional studies performed. PMID: 22448264; Ziętkiewicz 2012: 4 additional families/variants reported. |
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| Mendeliome v0.12720 | FUZ | Anna Ritchie changed review comment from: Novel missense p.(Arg284Pro) mutation in FUZ identified in twins presenting with craniosynostosis. Loss of Fuz resulted in increased mineralisation in both in vitro embryonic primary osteoblast cultures and in fibroblasts undergoing an osteogenic challenge. No previous reports have implicated changes in human FUZ in craniosynostosis. However, variations in FUZ have been found in patients with neural tube defects.; to: Novel missense p.(Arg284Pro) mutation in FUZ identified in twins presenting with craniosynostosis. Loss of Fuz resulted in increased mineralisation in both in vitro embryonic primary osteoblast cultures and in fibroblasts undergoing an osteogenic challenge. No previous reports have implicated changes in human FUZ in craniosynostosis. However, variations in FUZ have been found in patients with neural tube defects. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.12338 | PADI6 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PADI6 were changed from to Pre-implantation embryonic lethality 2 MIM#617234; Multi locus imprinting disturbance in offspring; Recurrent hydatiform mole | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.12285 | PADI6 | Krithika Murali reviewed gene: PADI6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29693651, 33583041, 329228291, 33221824, 27545678; Phenotypes: Pre-implantation embryonic lethality 2 MIM#617234, Multi locus imprinting disturbance in offspring, Recurrent hydatiform mole; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.11540 | NDUFAF4 |
Krithika Murali edited their review of gene: NDUFAF4: Added comment: 3 unrelated families reported with patient-specific functional evidence provided for each. PMID: 32949790 - report two siblings with facial dysmorphism and lactic acidosis diagnosed neonatally with subsequent fatal early encephalopathy with apneic episodes, irritability, central hypoventilation, liver involvement and hyperammonemia. Cerebral white matter anomalies reported in one patient and cardiomyopathy in the other. WES identified homozygous nonsense NDUFAF4 variants with absent NDUFAF4 expression in patient fibroblasts. OXPHOS assembly studies demonstrated almost undetectable levels of fully assembled complex I and complex I–containing supercomplexes and an abnormal accumulation of SCIII2IV1 supercomplexes. Morphologically, fibroblasts showed rounder mitochondria and a diminished degree of branching of the mitochondrial network. PMID: 28853723 - report one patient born at 38 weeks after IOL for IUGR. Presented age 7 months with developmental regression, growth failure and central hypotonia. Brain MRI revealed diffuse bilateral signal alterations in the basal ganglia and thalami and an EEG showed generalized slowing with multifocal spikes consistent with an epileptogenic focus. Homozygous missense NDUFAF4 variants identified. Lentiviral complementation of patient fibroblasts with wild-type NDUFAF4 rescued complex I deficiency and assembly defect PMID 18179882 - report multiple affected individuals from one family. Most presented soon after birth with severe metabolic acidosis and high plasma lactate levels. Patients who survived longer were repeatedly admitted because of exacerbation of the acidosis during intercurrent infections. One long-term survivor had profound ID.; Changed publications: 32949790, 28853723, 18179882 |
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| Mendeliome v0.11442 | TYROBP | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TYROBP were changed from to Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 1, MIM# 221770 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.11439 | TYROBP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TYROBP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 10888890, 12370476, 27904822; Phenotypes: Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 1, MIM# 221770; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.11423 | TYROBP | Manny Jacobs reviewed gene: TYROBP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27904822; Phenotypes: # 221770 POLYCYSTIC LIPOMEMBRANOUS OSTEODYSPLASIA WITH SCLEROSING LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY 1; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.11163 | JAG1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Two unrelated families reported with CMT type 2. Affected individuals in both families exhibited severe vocal fold paresis, a rare feature of peripheral nerve disease that can be life-threatening. Studies of mutant protein posttranslational modification and localization indicated that the mutations (p.Ser577Arg, p.Ser650Pro) impair protein glycosylation and reduce JAG1 cell surface expression. Mice harboring heterozygous CMT2-associated mutations exhibited mild peripheral neuropathy, and homozygous expression resulted in embryonic lethality by midgestation. Pre-existing rat model. Sources: Literature; to: Association with Alagille is very well established. Two unrelated families reported with CMT type 2. Affected individuals in both families exhibited severe vocal fold paresis, a rare feature of peripheral nerve disease that can be life-threatening. Studies of mutant protein posttranslational modification and localization indicated that the mutations (p.Ser577Arg, p.Ser650Pro) impair protein glycosylation and reduce JAG1 cell surface expression. Mice harboring heterozygous CMT2-associated mutations exhibited mild peripheral neuropathy, and homozygous expression resulted in embryonic lethality by midgestation. Pre-existing rat model. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.11107 | AL117258.1 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: Gene also known as CIROP Homozygous or compound heterozygous CIROP variants identified in 12 families with congenital heart defects associated with heterotaxy. Functional tests performed on Xenopus and zebrafish embryos showed that CIROP was essential for left side symmetry and is expressed in ciliated left–right organisers. Sources: Literature; to: Gene also known as CIROP and LMLN2 Homozygous or compound heterozygous CIROP variants identified in 12 families with congenital heart defects associated with heterotaxy. Functional tests performed on Xenopus and zebrafish embryos showed that CIROP was essential for left side symmetry and is expressed in ciliated left–right organisers. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.11097 | AL117258.1 |
Melanie Marty gene: AL117258.1 was added gene: AL117258.1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: AL117258.1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AL117258.1 were set to 34903892 Phenotypes for gene: AL117258.1 were set to Heterotaxy, congenital heart defects Review for gene: AL117258.1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Gene also known as CIROP Homozygous or compound heterozygous CIROP variants identified in 12 families with congenital heart defects associated with heterotaxy. Functional tests performed on Xenopus and zebrafish embryos showed that CIROP was essential for left side symmetry and is expressed in ciliated left–right organisers. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.11071 | CDX2 | Chirag Patel edited their review of gene: CDX2: Added comment: 9 families, with heterozygous variants identified with WES, presenting with congenital abnormalities affecting the development of the anus, the renal and urogenital system, the vertebrae and/or the limbs in varying sequences and severity (incl. sirenomelia and persistent cloaca). A recurrent pathogenic missense variant in the HOX domain of the protein p.(Arg237His) was found in 3 unrelated families. In the mouse cdx2 is essential for anteroposterior patterning of embryonal axis and morphogenesis of cloacal structures. Cdx2 heterozygous conditional mutant mice show a variable phenotype (including imperforate anus, sirenomelia, posterior vertebral truncations, and bladder anomalies).; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: PMID: 29177441, 34671974; Changed phenotypes: Congenital abnormalities of anus, renal and urogenital system, vertebrae and/or the limbs; Set current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.11071 | CHKA |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CHKA was added gene: CHKA was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CHKA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CHKA were set to 35202461 Phenotypes for gene: CHKA were set to Abnormal muscle tone; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Abnormality of movement; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Short stature Penetrance for gene: CHKA were set to Complete Review for gene: CHKA was set to GREEN Added comment: Klöckner (2022 - PMID: 35202461) describe the phenotype of 6 individuals (from 5 unrelated families) harboring biallelic CHKA variants. Shared features incl. abnormal muscle tone(6/6 - hypertonia or hypotonia, 3/6 each), DD/ID (6/6,severe in 4, severe/profound in 2), epilepsy (6/6 - onset: infancy - 3y2m | epileptic spasms or GS at onset), microcephaly (6/6), movement disorders (3/6 - incl. dyskinesia, rigidity, choreoatetotic movements). 2/5 individuals exhibited MRI abnormalities, notably hypomyelination. Short stature was observed in 4/6. Eventual previous genetic testing was not discussed. Exome sequencing (quattro ES for 2 sibs, trio ES for 1 individual, singleton for 3 probands) revealed biallelic CHKA variants in all affected individuals. Sanger sequencing was performed for confirmation and segregation studies. Other variants (in suppl.) were not deemed to be causative for the neurodevelopmental phenotype. 3 different missense, 1 start-loss and 1 truncating variant were identified, namely (NM_0012772.2): - c.421C>T/p.(Arg141Trp) [3 hmz subjects from 2 consanguineous families], - c.580C>T/p.Pro194Ser [1 hmz individual born to consanguineous parents], - c.2T>C/p.(Met1?) [1 hmz individual born to related parents], - c.14dup/p.(Cys6Leufs*19) in trans with c.1021T>C/p.(Phe341Leu) in 1 individual. CHKA encodes choline kinase alpha, an enzyme catalyzing the first step of phospholipid synthesis in the Kennedy pathway. The pathway is involved in de novo synthesis of glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine being the most abundant in eukaryotic membranes. CHKA with its paralog (CHKB) phosphorylates either choline or ethanolamine to phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine respectively with conversion of ATP to ADP. As the authors comment, biallelic pathogenic variants in CHKB cause a NDD with muscular dystrophy, hypotonia, ID, microcephaly and structural mitochondrial anomalies (MIM 602541). [Prominent mitochondrial patterning was observed in a single muscle biopsy available from an individual with biallelic CHKA variants]. Other disorders of the Kennedy pathway (due to biallelic PCYT2, SELENOI, PCYT1A variants) present with overlapping features incl. variable DD/ID (no-severe), microcephaly, seizures, visual impairment etc. CHKA variants were either absent or observed once in gnomAD, affected highly conserved AAs with multiple in silico predictions in favor of a deleterious effect. In silico modeling suggests structural effects for several of the missense variants (Arg141Trp, Pro194Ser presumably affect ADP binding, Phe341 lying close to the binding site of phosphocholine). Each of the missense variants was expressed in yeast cells and W. Blot suggested expression at the expected molecular weight at comparative levels. The 3 aforementioned variants exhibited reduced catalytic activity (20%, 15%, 50% respectively). NMD is thought to underly the deleterious effect of the frameshift one (not studied). The start-loss variant is expected to result in significantly impaired expression and protein function as eventual utilization of the next possible start codon - occurring at position 123 - would remove 26% of the protein. Chka(-/-) is embryonically lethal in mice, suggesting that complete loss is not compatible with life. Reduction of choline kinase activity by 30% in heterozygous mice did not appear to result in behavioral abnormalities although this was not studied in detail (PMID cited: 18029352). Finally, screening of 1566 mouse lines identified 198 genes whose disruption yields neuroanatomical phenotypes, Chka(+/-) mice being among these (PMID cited: 31371714). There is no associated phenotype in OMIM, Gene2Phenotype or SysID. Overall this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panes with green or amber rating (>3 individuals, >3 variants, variant studies, overlapping phenotype of disorders belonging to the same pathway, etc). Consider also inclusion in the microcephaly panel (where available this seemed to be of postnatal onset). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.10836 | TMEM53 |
Lucy Spencer gene: TMEM53 was added gene: TMEM53 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TMEM53 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TMEM53 were set to PMID: 33824347 Phenotypes for gene: TMEM53 were set to Sclerosing bone disorder, macrocephaly, impaired vision, short stature Review for gene: TMEM53 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 33824347- Previously unknown type of sclerosing bone disorder in 4 independent families, bi-allelic LOF variants in TMEM53. 5 individuals from 4 families, all have proportional or short limbed stature, not identifiable at birth. Head deformities (macrocephaly, dolichocephaly, prominent forehead), epicanthic folds, thick vermilion of upper and lower lips. Vision diminished after early childhood due to optic nerve compression. 3 of 4 families confirmed consanguineous, and all affected members from all 4 families have homozygous variants inherited from heterozygous parents. 3 families have the same splicing variant proven to cause exon 2 skipping and an NMD frameshift by RT-PCR. The other family has a an NMD frameshift variant. So 4 families but only 2 variants. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.10793 | CHP1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CHP1 was added gene: CHP1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: CHP1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CHP1 were set to 29379881; 32787936 Phenotypes for gene: CHP1 were set to Spastic ataxia 9, autosomal recessive, MIM #618438 Review for gene: CHP1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 2 different consanguineous families with 2 affected siblings with ataxia (1 paediatric onset, 1 adult onset). 3 of the patients had cerebellar atrophy. WES identified homozygous variants in CHP1 gene in both families (K19del and Arg91Cys), which segregated with the disorder in the family. Decreased CHP1 protein on IHC of cerebellar tissue in family with Arg91Cys variant. In vitro functional expression studies in HEK293 cells showed that the K19del mutation resulted in decreased protein expression, with normal levels of transcript, suggesting defects in protein stability. The mutant protein formed massive protein aggregates in transfected neuronal cell bodies and neurite-like projections, whereas the wildtype protein showed a more uniform distribution. The mutant protein altered CHP1 association into functional complexes and impaired membrane localization of the Na+/H+ transporter NHE1. The findings indicated that the CHP1 mutation likely causes ataxia in an NHE1-dependent manner, resembling the mechanism observed in the Chp1 vacillator mutant mouse. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.10564 | PRDM13 | Zornitza Stark Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Bi-allelic variants: Recessive disease causing ID and DSD described in three reportedly unrelated families (2 consanguineous), but all are from Malta, and all share the same 13bp deletion spanning an exon-intron boundary. Mouse KO is embryonically lethal, and tissue specific KO failed to replicate many of the patients phenotypes, other than hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres at P21. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10111 | ASTL |
Zornitza Stark gene: ASTL was added gene: ASTL was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ASTL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ASTL were set to 34704130 Phenotypes for gene: ASTL were set to Oocyte maturation defect 11, MIM# 619643 Review for gene: ASTL was set to RED Added comment: Oocyte maturation defect-11 (OOMD11) is characterized by reduced or absent fertility and poor embryonic outcomes with assisted reproductive technology. Single family with two affected siblings reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.10066 | SNIP1 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SNIP1: Added comment: A single (founder) variant NM_024700.4:c.1097A>G, p.(Glu366Gly) has been reported in over 30 cases of Psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, and craniofacial dysmorphism OMIM:614501 in the Amish community (PMIDs: 22279524; 34570759). Cases are homozygous for this variant and unaffected members of the families are heterozygous or wt. Overexpression of the equivalent mouse variant in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells, resulted in a more aggregated appearance in the nucleus compared to wildtype. The variant protein maybe unstable as Western blots showed reduced levels of the variant protein (PMID: 22279524). Whole transcriptomic analysis of patient blood was performed in PMID: 34570759. This revealed 11 upregulated and 32 downregulated genes, of which 24 had previously been associated with neurological disease.; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 22279524, 34570759 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10044 | ECM1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: PMID: 11929856 - Hamada et al 2002 - looked at 6 different unrelated consanguineous families (from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Pakistan, The Netherlands, UK, and a group of South African families with a probable common ancestor) with a clinical diagnosis of Lipoid proteinosis (LP)/Urbach–Wiethe disease. They performed a genome-wide linkage analysis and identified a region and then looked at the expression of candidate genes in fibroblasts from patients compared to controls. ECM1 was found to have lower expression levels. 6 homozygous deletion variants were identified in the patients. In one family they established that the parents were heterozygous for the variant. PMID: 28720532 - Afifi et al 2017 - studied 12 patients from 10 unrelated consanguineous Egyptian families with a clinical diagnosis of lipoid proteinosis. The patients reported progressive hoarseness of voice and easily damaged skin by minor trauma or friction. Homozygous ECM1 variants were detected in affected members in all families: 1 family had a missense variant, 5 families had splice site variants and 4 families had indels predicted to cause frameshifts. Parents were found to be heterozygous for the variants. PMID: 33159951 - Zhu et al 2021 - a novel homozygous three-nucleotide duplication (c.506_508dupCTG) in ECM in two siblings affected with LP from a consanguineous Chinese family.; to: Lipoid proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe is a rare autosomal recessive disorder typified by generalized thickening of skin, mucosae, and certain viscera. Classic features include beaded eyelid papules and laryngeal infiltration leading to hoarseness. The disorder is clinically heterogeneous, with affected individuals displaying differing degrees of skin scarring and infiltration, variable signs of hoarseness and respiratory distress, and in some cases neurologic abnormalities such as temporal lobe epilepsy. Histologically, there is widespread deposition of hyaline (glycoprotein) material and disruption/reduplication of basement membrane PMID: 11929856 - Hamada et al 2002 - looked at 6 different unrelated consanguineous families (from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Pakistan, The Netherlands, UK, and a group of South African families with a probable common ancestor) with a clinical diagnosis of Lipoid proteinosis (LP)/Urbach–Wiethe disease. They performed a genome-wide linkage analysis and identified a region and then looked at the expression of candidate genes in fibroblasts from patients compared to controls. ECM1 was found to have lower expression levels. 6 homozygous deletion variants were identified in the patients. In one family they established that the parents were heterozygous for the variant. PMID: 28720532 - Afifi et al 2017 - studied 12 patients from 10 unrelated consanguineous Egyptian families with a clinical diagnosis of lipoid proteinosis. The patients reported progressive hoarseness of voice and easily damaged skin by minor trauma or friction. Homozygous ECM1 variants were detected in affected members in all families: 1 family had a missense variant, 5 families had splice site variants and 4 families had indels predicted to cause frameshifts. Parents were found to be heterozygous for the variants. PMID: 33159951 - Zhu et al 2021 - a novel homozygous three-nucleotide duplication (c.506_508dupCTG) in ECM in two siblings affected with LP from a consanguineous Chinese family. |
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| Mendeliome v0.9899 | POLR3H |
Bryony Thompson gene: POLR3H was added gene: POLR3H was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: POLR3H was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: POLR3H were set to 34794894; 30830215 Phenotypes for gene: POLR3H were set to Primary ovarian insufficiency Review for gene: POLR3H was set to AMBER Added comment: A homozygous missense variant (p.Asp50Gly) was identified homozygous in 2 unrelated families. A mull mouse model was embryonic lethal, but a mouse model homozygous for the missense were viable and showed delayed pubertal development, characterised by late first oestrus or preputial separation. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9897 | POLR2C |
Bryony Thompson gene: POLR2C was added gene: POLR2C was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: POLR2C was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: POLR2C were set to 34794894; 29367954 Phenotypes for gene: POLR2C were set to Primary ovarian insufficiency Review for gene: POLR2C was set to AMBER Added comment: One family with POI segregating a nonsense variant (p.Lys152Ter) and a case with sporadic POI with a splice region variant (c.206-3C>T). Knockdown of the gene in an embryonic carcinoma cell line resulted in decreased protein production and impaired cell proliferation. Two missense in premature ovarian failure cases submitted to ClinVar by Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (SCV001877131.1, SCV001877153.1). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9661 | B3GAT3 | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: More than 5 unrelated families reported.; to: 26 patients from 13 families with variable phenotypes resembling Larsen, Antley-Bixler, Shprintzen-Goldberg, and Geroderma osteodysplastica syndromes. Multiple skeletal and cardiac abnormalities reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.9389 | ZAR1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ZAR1 was added gene: ZAR1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: ZAR1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ZAR1 were set to 29574422; 31598710; 12539046 Phenotypes for gene: ZAR1 were set to Multi locus imprinting disturbance in offspring Review for gene: ZAR1 was set to RED Added comment: Single report of biallelic variants in this gene in a mother of a child with Multi locus imprinting disturbance (MLID) with some features of Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome. Shown to be a maternal effect gene that functions at the oocyte to embryo transition. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.9388 | UHRF1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: UHRF1 was added gene: UHRF1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: UHRF1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UHRF1 were set to 29574422; 28976982 Phenotypes for gene: UHRF1 were set to Multi locus imprinting disturbance in offspring Review for gene: UHRF1 was set to RED Added comment: Single report of biallelic variants in this gene in a mother of a child with Multi locus imprinting disturbance (MLID) and Silver Russell Syndrome phenotype. Maenohara et al demonstrate functions of UHRF1 during the global epigenetic reprogramming of oocytes and early embryos. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.9379 | OOEP |
Zornitza Stark gene: OOEP was added gene: OOEP was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: OOEP was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: OOEP were set to 29574422 Phenotypes for gene: OOEP were set to Multi locus imprinting disturbance in offspring Review for gene: OOEP was set to RED Added comment: Single report of biallelic variants in this gene in a mother of a child with Multi locus imprinting disturbance (MLID) and a transient neonatal diabetes mellitus phenotype. This gene encodes part of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC). Other genes in this group act as 'maternal effect' genes and are associated with early embryonic arrest, recurrent hydatiform mole and MLID in offspring. As is the case for other genes encoding components of the SCMC, the pathogenicity of variants can be difficult to establish as reproductive outcomes are not recorded in genomic databases and variants may be listed in population databases as they are not classed as pathogenic in males or women with no reproductive history. Functional studies of genes encoding components of the SCMC are limited as their expression is restricted to the oocyte and early embryo. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9370 | NLRP5 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NLRP5 were changed from Early embryonic arrest to Early embryonic arrest; Multi locus imprinting disturbance in offspring | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.9366 | NLRP5 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: NLRP5: Added comment: 'Maternal effect gene' Part of the subcortical maternal complex Report of five mothers carrying either monoallelic or biallelic variants in NLRP5, who had both unaffected offspring and offspring with BWS-MLID (Doherty 2015). Report of one family where the mother carried biallelic variants in NLRP5, had one offspring with BWS, one unaffected offspring and multiple miscarriages (Sparago 2019). Reports of at least three unrelated individuals with recurrent early embryonic arrest carrying biallelic variants in NLRP5. Functional work suggesting protein degradation in affected human cell lines (Mu 2019, Xu 2020).; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 32222962, 31829238, 30877238, 26323243, 34440388; Changed phenotypes: Early embryonic arrest, Multi locus imprinting disturbance in offspring; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal |
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| Mendeliome v0.9355 | SLC4A3 |
Daniel Flanagan gene: SLC4A3 was added gene: SLC4A3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC4A3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SLC4A3 were set to PMID: 29167417; 34557911 Phenotypes for gene: SLC4A3 were set to Short QT syndrome Review for gene: SLC4A3 was set to AMBER Added comment: Moderate evidence for autosomal dominant short QT syndrome 1 by ClinGen /gene curation expert panel (PMID: 34557911). A single missense variant (absent gnomAD) identified in two SQTS families. In family 1, it segregated with SQTS (QTc<370ms) in 23 carriers, and 19 non-carriers had a QTc>370ms. In family 2, it segregated in 4 individuals. Experimental evidence from in vitro and zebrafish models suggests reduced membrane localization of the mutated protein leads to intracellular alkalinization and shortening of the cardiomyocyte action potential duration. ClinGen expert panel was divided between strong (4 votes) and moderate (5 votes). Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.9351 | MARS | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Association with CMT: Two families reported. One mutation positive family member was asymptomatic. Second case is proband only testing with no segregation or functional data. Note one of the variants identified in dominant MARS1-associated neuropathy, p.Arg618Cys, has also been reported in AR MARS1-related pulmonary interstiatial/liver disease.; to: Association with CMT and mono-allelic variants: Two families reported. One mutation positive family member was asymptomatic. Second case is proband only testing with no segregation or functional data. Note one of the variants identified in dominant MARS1-associated neuropathy, p.Arg618Cys, has also been reported in AR MARS1-related pulmonary interstiatial/liver disease. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.9351 | MARS | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Two families reported. One mutation positive family member was asymptomatic. Second case is proband only testing with no segregation or functional data. Note one of the variants identified in dominant MARS1-associated neuropathy, p.Arg618Cys, has also been reported in AR MARS1-related pulmonary interstiatial/liver disease.; to: Association with CMT: Two families reported. One mutation positive family member was asymptomatic. Second case is proband only testing with no segregation or functional data. Note one of the variants identified in dominant MARS1-associated neuropathy, p.Arg618Cys, has also been reported in AR MARS1-related pulmonary interstiatial/liver disease. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.9333 | PLXNA1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PLXNA1 was added gene: PLXNA1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLXNA1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PLXNA1 were set to 34054129 Phenotypes for gene: PLXNA1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with cerebral and eye anomalies Review for gene: PLXNA1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Dworschak et al. (2021) via WES reported 10 patients from 7 families with biallelic (n=7) or de novo (n=3) PLXNA1 variants. Shared phenotypic features include global developmental delay (9/10), brain anomalies (6/10), and eye anomalies (7/10). Seizures were predominantly reported in patients with monoallelic variants. Zebrafish studies showed an embryonic role of plxna1a in the development of the central nervous system and the eye. Biallelic variants in the extracellular Plexin-A1 domains lead to impaired dimerization or lack of receptor molecules, whereas monoallelic variants in the intracellular Plexin-A1 domains might impair downstream signaling through a dominant-negative effect. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9297 | ABHD16A |
Lucy Spencer gene: ABHD16A was added gene: ABHD16A was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ABHD16A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ABHD16A were set to PMID: 34587489 Phenotypes for gene: ABHD16A were set to Spastic paraplegia Review for gene: ABHD16A was set to GREEN Added comment: 11 individuals from 6 families with a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia who carry bi-allelic deleterious variants in ABHD16A. Affected individuals present with a similar phenotype consisting of global developmental delay/intellectual disability, progressive spasticity affecting the upper and lower limbs, and corpus callosum and white matter anomalies. Immunoblot analysis on extracts from fibroblasts from four affected individuals demonstrated little to no ABHD16A protein levels compared to controls. In 5 of the families the affected members were homozygous, 3 of these families were consanguineous. 2 families have the same variant- both families are French-Canadian. 4 missense variants, 1 frameshift, 1 nonsense. From PMID: 34587489 Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9297 | ATP11A |
Elena Savva gene: ATP11A was added gene: ATP11A was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ATP11A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: ATP11A were set to PMID: 34403372 Phenotypes for gene: ATP11A were set to Neurological disorder Mode of pathogenicity for gene: ATP11A was set to Other Review for gene: ATP11A was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 34403372: - Single de novo missense variant reported in a patient with developmental delay and neurological deterioration. - Patient MRI showed severe cerebral atrophy, ventriculomegaly, hypomyelination leukodystrophy, thinned corpus callosum. Axonal neuropathy suggested. - K/I heterozygous mice died perinatally. - Functional studies on missense variant show plasma membrane lipid content impairment, reduced ATPase activity etc. gnomAD: some NMD PTCs present, good quality variants found with 4-5 hets. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9297 | WLS |
Teresa Zhao changed review comment from: - We identified homozygous mutations in 10 affected persons from 5 unrelated families. - Patients had multiorgan defects, including microcephal, facial dysmorphism, foot syndactyly, renal agenesis, alopecia, iris coloboma, and heart defects. - The mutations affected WLS protein stability and Wnt signaling. Knock-in mice showed tissue and cell vulnerability consistent with Wnt-signaling intensity and individual and collective functions of Wnts in embryogenesis. Sources: Literature; to: - Homozygous mutations in 10 affected persons from 5 unrelated families. - Patients had multiorgan defects, including microcephal, facial dysmorphism, foot syndactyly, renal agenesis, alopecia, iris coloboma, and heart defects. - The mutations affected WLS protein stability and Wnt signaling. Knock-in mice showed tissue and cell vulnerability consistent with Wnt-signaling intensity and individual and collective functions of Wnts in embryogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9297 | WLS |
Teresa Zhao gene: WLS was added gene: WLS was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: WLS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: WLS were set to PMID: 34587386 Phenotypes for gene: WLS were set to Syndromic structural birth defects Review for gene: WLS was set to GREEN Added comment: - We identified homozygous mutations in 10 affected persons from 5 unrelated families. - Patients had multiorgan defects, including microcephal, facial dysmorphism, foot syndactyly, renal agenesis, alopecia, iris coloboma, and heart defects. - The mutations affected WLS protein stability and Wnt signaling. Knock-in mice showed tissue and cell vulnerability consistent with Wnt-signaling intensity and individual and collective functions of Wnts in embryogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9170 | ERGIC1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ERGIC1 was added gene: ERGIC1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ERGIC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ERGIC1 were set to 28317099; 34037256 Phenotypes for gene: ERGIC1 were set to Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 2, neurogenic type; OMIM # 208100 Review for gene: ERGIC1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Reinstein et al. (2018) used WES in a large consanguineous Israeli Arab kindred consisting of 16 patients affected with the neurogenic type of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. They identified a homozygous missense (V98E) mutation in ERGIC1 gene, which segregated with the disorder in the kindred, and was not found in the ExAC database or in 212 ethnically matched controls. Functional studies of the variant and studies of patient cells were not performed. ERGIC1 encodes a cycling membrane protein which has a possible role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Marconi et al (2021) used genome sequencing in a consanguineous family with 2 affected siblings presenting congenital arthrogryposis and some facial dysmorphism. They identified a homozygous 22.6 Kb deletion encompassing the promoter and first exon of ERGIC1. mRNA quantification showed the complete absence of ERGIC1 expression in the two affected siblings and a decrease in heterozygous parents. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8834 | RNF220 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RNF220 was added gene: RNF220 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RNF220 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RNF220 were set to 33964137; 10881263 Phenotypes for gene: RNF220 were set to Leukodystrophy; CNS hypomyelination; Ataxia; Intellectual disability; Sensorineural hearing impairment; Elevated hepatic transaminases; Hepatic fibrosis; Dilated cardiomyopathy; Spastic paraplegia; Dysarthria; Abnormality of the corpus callosum Review for gene: RNF220 was set to GREEN Added comment: Sferra et al (2021 - PMID: 33964137) provide extensive evidence that biallelic RNF220 mutations cause a disorder characterized by hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, ataxia (9/9 - onset 1-5y), borderline intellectual functioning (3/9) / intellectual disability (5/9 - in most cases mild), sensorineural deafness (9/9) with complete hearing loss in the first decade of life, hepatopathy (9/9) with associated periportal fibrosis, and dilated cardiomyopathy (9/9) which was fatal. Other neurologic manifestations apart from ataxia incl. hyperreflexia (8/8), spastic paraplegia (9/9), dysarthria (9/9), peripheral neuropathy (4/9), seizures in one case (1/9). Upon brain MRI there was thin corpus callosum (9/9) or cerebellar atrophy in some (2/9). The authors identified homozygosity for 2 recurrent missense RNF220 variants in affected members belonging to these 5 broad consanguineous pedigrees (7 families), namely NM_018150.4:c.1094G>A / p.Arg365Gly in 4 Roma families in the context of a shared haplotype (/founder effect) as well as c.1088G>A / p.Arg363Gly in a large pedigree from southern Italy initially reported by Leuzzi et al (2000 - PMID: 10881263). Extensive segregation analyses were carried out including several affected and unaffected members. RNF220 encodes ring finger protein 220, which functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Previous studies have shown among others a role in modulation of Sonic hedgehog/GLI signaling and cerebellar development Evidence for the role of RNF220 included relevant expression, localization within the cell, interaction partners (lamin B1, 20S proteasome), similarities with other laminopathies in terms of phenotype, etc : *RNF220 has a relevant expression pattern in CNS (based on qRT-PCR analyses in human brain, cerebellum, cerebral cortex / mRNA levels in human fetal CNS with higher expression in cerebellum, spinal cord and cortex / previous GTEx data / protein levels in mouse CNS) *The protein displays nuclear localization based on iPSC cells differentiated to motor neurons (also supported by data from the Human Protein Atlas). Transfection of COS-1 cells demonstrated localization primarily to the nucleus (as also previously demonstrated in HEK293T cells) in vesicle like structures with ASF2/SF2 colocalization suggesting enrichment in nuclear speckles. There was also partial co-distribution with the 20S proteasome. R363Q and R365Q additionally coalesced in the cytoplasm forming protein aggregates/inclusions. *Immunofluorescence studies in patient fibroblasts also confirmed abnormal increase of the protein in the cytoplasm and increased fluorescence with the 20S proteasome. *Proteomic identification of RNF220-interacting proteins in transfected HEK293T cells demonstrated enrichment for all members of the lamin protein family (incl . lamin B1, AC, B2). *RNAi-mediated downregulation of RNF222 in Drosophila suggested altered subcellular localization and accumulation of the fly orthologue for human lamin B1. *Immunoprecipitation of lamin B1 from the nuclear matrix of cerebellar cells suggested significant interaction of endogenous lamin B1 with RNF220, while transfection studies in HEK293T cells for wt/mt suggested reduced binding to endogenous lamin B1 for RNF220 mt compared to wt (more prominent for R365Q). RNF220 mutants also reduced ubiquitination of nuclear lamin B1 compared to wt. *Patient fibroblasts immunostained with different nuclear envelope markers displayed abnormal nuclear shapes with multiple invaginations and lobulations, findings also observed in laminopathies. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8829 | ARF3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ARF3 was added gene: ARF3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ARF3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: ARF3 were set to 34346499 Phenotypes for gene: ARF3 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Morphological abnormality of the central nervous system Review for gene: ARF3 was set to AMBER Added comment: Sakamoto et al (2021 - PMID: 34346499) provide some evidence that monoallelic ARF3 pathogenic variants may be associated with a NDD with brain abnormality. Using trio exome sequencing, the authors identified 2 individuals with NDD harboring de novo ARF3 variants, namely: NM_001659.2:c.200A>T / p.Asp67Val and c.296G>T / p.Arg99Leu. Individual 1 (with Asp67Val / age : 4y10m), appeared to be more severelely affected with prenatal onset progressive microcephaly, severe global DD, epilepsy. Upon MRI there was cerebellar and brainstem atrophy. Individual 2 (Arg99Leu / 14y) had severe DD and ID (IQ of 23), epilepsy and upon MRI cerebellar hypoplasia. This subject did not exhibit microcephaly. Common facial features incl. broad nose, full cheeks, small philtrum, strabismus, thin upper lips and abnormal jaw. There was no evidence of systemic involvement in both. ARF3 encodes ADP-ribosylation factor 3. Adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factors (ARFs) are key proteins for regulation of cargo sorting at the Golgi network, with ARF3 mainly working at the trans-Golgi network. ARFs belong to the small GTP-binding protein (G protein) superfamily. ARF3 switches between an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form, regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) respectively. Members of the ARF superfamily regulate various aspects of membrane traffic, among others in neurons. There are 5 homologs of ARF families, divided in 3 classes. ARF3 and ARF1 belong to class I. Monoallelic ARF1 mutations are associated with Periventricular nodular heterotopia 8 (MIM 618185). In vivo, in vitro and in silico studies for the 2 variants suggest that both impair the Golgi transport system although each variant most likely exerts a different effect (gain-of-function for Arg99Leu vs loss-of-function/dominant-negative for Asp67Val). This was also reflected in somewhat different phenotype of the subjects with the respective variants. Common features included severe DD, epilepsy and brain abnormalities although Asp67Val was associated with diffuse brain atrophy as well as congenital microcephaly and Arg99Leu with cerebellar hypoplasia. Evidence to support the effect of each variant include: Arg99Leu: Had identical Golgi localization to that of wt Had increased binding activity with GGA1, a protein recruited by the GTP-bound active form of ARF3 to the TGN membrane (supporting GoF) In silico structural analysis suggested it may fail to stabilize the conformation of Asp26, resulting in impaired GTP hydrolysis (GoF). In transgenic fruit flies, evaluation of the ARF3 variant toxicity using the rough eye phenotype this variant was associated with increased severity of the r-e phenotype similar to a previously studied GoF variant (Gln71Leu) Asp67Val: Did not show a Golgi-like pattern of localization (similar to Thr31Asn a previously studied dominant-negative variant) Displayed decreased protein stability In silico structural analysis suggested that Asp67Val may lead to compromised binding of GTP or GDP (suggestive of LoF) In transgenic Drosophila eye-specific expression of Asp67Val (similar to Thr31Asn, a known dominant-negative variant) was lethal possibly due to high toxicity in very small amounts in tissues outside the eye. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM, G2P or SysID. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8824 | PLXNA2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PLXNA2 was added gene: PLXNA2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLXNA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PLXNA2 were set to 34327814 Phenotypes for gene: PLXNA2 were set to Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the face; Failure to thrive; Abnormal heart morphology Review for gene: PLXNA2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Altuame et al (2021 - PMID: 34327814) describe 3 individuals from 2 consanguineous Arab families with biallelic PLXNA2 variants. The index patient from the 1st family presented with CHD (hypoplastic right ventricle, ASD), DD and moderate ID (IQ of 40), failure to thrive as well as some dysmorphic features (obtuse mandibular angle, mild overbite, synophrys with downslanting p-f, strabismus, etc). There were additional features (eg. postaxial polydactyly) which were found in other affected and unaffected family members. Exome sequencing with autozygome analysis revealed homozygosity for a PLXNA2 stopgain variant (NM_025179:c.3603C>A / p.(Cys1201*)). Sanger confirmation was carried out and segregation analyses confirmed carrier status of the unaffected parents and a sib as well as a brother homozygous for the same variant. Clinical evaluation of the latter, following this finding revealed borderline intellectual functioning, ADHD, failure to thrive. There was no mandibular anomaly or overbite and no clinical evidence of CHD (no echo performed). The index patient from the 2nd consanguineous family was evaluated for ID (IQ of 63), with previous borderline motor development, ADHD and some dysmorphic features (obtuse mandibular angle and overbite). There was no clinical evidence of CHD (no echo performed). Exome sequencing with autozygosity mapping revealed a homozygous missense PLXNA2 variant (c.3073G>A / p.(Asp1025Asn), present only once in gnomAD (htz), with rather non-concordant in silico predictions SIFT 0.22, PolyPhen 0.682 and CADD 23.5. The aa was however highly conserved. Segregation analysis confirmed carrier state of the parents and 2 unaffected sibs, with a 3rd sib homozygous for the wt allele. As the authors discuss: *PLXNA2 belongs to the plexin family of genes, encoding transmbembrane proteins functioning as semaphorin receptors. It has predominant expression in neural tissue. The protein is thought to bind semaphorin-3A, -3C or -5 followed by plexin A2 dimerization, activation of its GTPase-activating protein domain, negative regulation of Rap1B GTPase and initiation of a signal transduction cascade mediating axonal repulsion/guidance, dendritic guidance, neuronal migration. *Murine Plxna2 knockout models display structural brain defects. In addition they display congenital heart defects incl. persistent truncus arteriosus and interrupted aortic arch. *Rare CNVs in adult humans with tetralogy of Fallot have suggested a potential role of PLXNA2 in cardiac development and CHD. *Expression and the role of PLXNA2 in human chondrocytes as well as a GWAS in 240 japanese patients with mandibular prognathism where PLXNA2 was suggested as a susceptibility locus. Overall, the authors recognize some common features (as for cognitive functioning, some dysmorphic features incl. obtuse mandibular angle and overbite in 2 unrelated subjects, failure to thrive 3/3) and provide plausible explanations for the variability / discordance of others eg: - Cyanotic heart disease explaining discordance in cognitive outcome among sibs - Incomplete penetrance for CHD (and/or ID or mandibular anomaly) as for few AR disorders and/or - Additional pathogenic variants possibly explaining the CHD in the first subject. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM or G2P. SysID includes PLXNA2 among the candidate ID genes. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8807 | VPS50 |
Zornitza Stark gene: VPS50 was added gene: VPS50 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: VPS50 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: VPS50 were set to 34037727 Phenotypes for gene: VPS50 were set to Neonatal cholestatic liver disease; Failure to thrive; Profound global developmental delay; Postnatal microcephaly; Seizures; Abnormality of the corpus callosum Review for gene: VPS50 was set to AMBER Added comment: Schneeberger et al (2021 - PMID: 34037727) describe the phenotype of 2 unrelated individuals with biallelic VPS50 variants. Common features included transient neonatal cholestasis, failure to thrive, severe DD with failure to achieve milestones (last examination at 2y and 2y2m respectively), postnatal microcephaly, seizures (onset at 6m and 25m) and irritability. There was corpus callosum hypoplasia on brain imaging. Both individuals were homozygous for variants private to each family (no/not known consanguinity applying to each case). The first individual was homozygous for a splicing variant (NM_017667.4:c.1978-1G>T) and had a similarly unaffected sister deceased with no available DNA for testing. The other individual was homozygous for an in-frame deletion (c.1823_1825delCAA / p.(Thr608del)). VPS50 encodes a critical component of the endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex, which functions in recycling endocytic vesicles back to the plasma membrane [OMIM based on Schindler et al]. The complex contains VPS50, VPS51, VPS52, VPS53, the three latter also being components of GARP (Golgi-associated-retrograde protein) complex. GARP contains VPS54 instead of VPS50 and is required for trafficking of proteins to the trans-golgi network. Thus VPS50 (also named syndetin) and VPS54 function in the EARP and GARP complexes, to define directional movement of their endocytic vesicles [OMIM based on Schindler et al]. The VPS50 subunit is required for recycling of the transferrin receptor. As discussed by Schneeberger et al (refs provided in text): - VPS50 has a high expression in mouse and human brain as well as throughout mouse brain development. - Mice deficient for Vps50 have not been reported. vps50 knockdown in zebrafish results in severe developmental defects of the body axis. Knockout mice for other proteins of the EARP/GARP complex (e.g. Vps52, 53 and 54) display embryonic lethality. Studies performed by Schneeberger et al included: - Transcript analysis for the 1st variant demonstrated skipping of ex21 (in patient derived fabriblasts) leading to an in frame deletion of 81 bp (r.1978_2058del) with predicted loss of 27 residues (p.Leu660_Leu686del). - Similar VPS50 mRNA levels but significant reduction of protein levels (~5% and ~8% of controls) were observed in fibroblasts from patients 1 and 2. Additionally, significant reductions in the amounts of VPS52 and VPS53 protein levels were observed despite mRNA levels similar to controls. Overall, this suggested drastic reduction of functional EARP complex levels. - Lysosomes appeared to have similar morphology, cellular distribution and likely unaffected function in patient fibroblasts. - Transferrin receptor recycling was shown to be delayed in patient fibroblasts suggestive of compromise of endocytic-recycling function. As the authors comment, the phenotype of both individuals with biallelic VPS50 variants overlaps with the corresponding phenotype reported in 15 subjects with biallelic VPS53 or VPS51 mutations notably, severe DD/ID, microcephaly and early onset epilepsy, CC anomalies. Overall, for this group, they propose the term "GARP and/or EARP deficiency disorders". There is no VPS50-associated phenotype in OMIM or G2P. SysID includes VPS50 among the ID candidate genes. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8734 | COLGALT1 |
Bryony Thompson gene: COLGALT1 was added gene: COLGALT1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: COLGALT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: COLGALT1 were set to 30412317; 33709034; 31759980 Phenotypes for gene: COLGALT1 were set to Brain small vessel disease 3 MIM#618360 Review for gene: COLGALT1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 3 unrelated cases with biallelic variants, and supporting functional assays. The main features of the cases were porencephalic cysts, leukoencephalopathy, lacunar infarcts, cerebral microbleeds/haemorrhages and calcifications. A null mouse model was embryonic lethal, but had defects in the vascular networks of the embryos. Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v0.8586 | HMGB1 |
Ain Roesley changed review comment from: 1x de novo fs, no functional studies done but cited Itou 2011 - mouse and zebrafish studies demonstrated the role of HMGB1 in regulating digit number during embryonic limb development Sources: Literature; to: 1x de novo fs in a proband with severe mirror image foot polydactyly. No functional studies done but cited Itou 2011 - mouse and zebrafish studies demonstrated the role of HMGB1 in regulating digit number during embryonic limb development Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8586 | HMGB1 |
Ain Roesley gene: HMGB1 was added gene: HMGB1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HMGB1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: HMGB1 were set to 34159400 Phenotypes for gene: HMGB1 were set to Mirror image foot polydactyly Penetrance for gene: HMGB1 were set to unknown Review for gene: HMGB1 was set to RED Added comment: 1x de novo fs, no functional studies done but cited Itou 2011 - mouse and zebrafish studies demonstrated the role of HMGB1 in regulating digit number during embryonic limb development Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8522 | SYNCRIP |
Zornitza Stark gene: SYNCRIP was added gene: SYNCRIP was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SYNCRIP was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SYNCRIP were set to 34157790; 30504930; 27479843; 23020937 Phenotypes for gene: SYNCRIP were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Autism; Myoclonic atonic seizures; Abnormality of nervous system morphology Review for gene: SYNCRIP was set to GREEN Added comment: Semino et al (2021 - PMID: 34157790) provide clinical details on 3 unrelated individuals with de novo SYNCRIP variants and provide a review of 5 additional subjects previously identified within large cohorts in the literature and databases. Features included DD, ID (7/7 for whom this information was available), ASD or autistic features (4/7). MRI abnormalities were observed in 3 (widening of CSF spaces, periventricular nodular heterotopia, prominent lat. ventricles). Epilepsy (myoclonic-astatic epilepsy / Doose syndrome) was reported for 2(/8) individuals. The 3 patients here reported were identified following trio/singleton exome with Sanger confirmation of the variants and their de novo occurrence. Variants are in almost all cases de novo (7/7 for whom this was known) and in 5/8 cases were pLoF, in 2/8 missense SNVs while a case from DECIPHER had a 77.92 kb whole gene deletion not involving other genes with unknown inheritance. Overall the variants reported to date include [NM_006372.5]: 1 - c.858_859del p.(Gly287Leufs*5) 2 - c.854dupA p.(Asn285Lysfs*8) 3 - c.734T>C p.(Leu245Pro) 4 - chr6:85605276-85683190 deletion (GRCh38) 5 - c.629T>C p.(Phe210Ser) 6 - c.1573_1574delinsTT p.(Gln525Leu) 7 - c.1247_1250del p.(Arg416Lysfs*145) 8 - c.1518_1519insC p.(Ala507Argfs*14) [P1-3: this report, P4: DECIPHER 254774, P5-6: Guo et al 2019 - PMID: 30504930, P7: Lelieveld et al 2016 - PMID: 27479843, P8: Rauch et al 2012 - PMID: 23020937 / all other Refs not here reviewed, clinical details summarized by Semino et al in table 1] SYNCRIP (also known as HNRNPQ) encodes synaptotagmin‐binding cytoplasmic RNA‐interacting protein. As the authors note, this RNA-binding protein is involved in multiple pathways associated with neuronal/muscular developmental disorders. Several references are provided for its involvement in regulation of RNA metabolism, among others sequence recognition, pre-mRNA splicing, translation, transport and degradation. Mutations in other RNA-interacting proteins and hnRNP members (e.g. HNRNPU, HNRNPD) are associated with NDD. The missense variant (p.Leu245Pro) is within RRM2 one of the 3 RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains of the protein. These 3 domains, corresponding to the central part of the protein (aa 150-400), are relatively intolerant to variation (based on in silico predictions and/or variation in gnomAD). Leu245 localizes within an RNA binding pocket and in silico modeling suggests alteration of the tertiary structure and RNA-binding capacity of RRM2. There are no additional studies performed. Overall haploinsufficiency appears to be the underlying disease mechanism based on the truncating variants and the gene deletion. [pLI in gnomAD : 1, %HI : 2.48%] Animal models are not discussed. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM. This gene is included in the DD panel of G2P (monoallelic LoF variants / SYNCRIP-related developmental disorder). SysID also lists SYNCRIP within the current primary ID genes. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8388 | PCDHGC4 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PCDHGC4 was added gene: PCDHGC4 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PCDHGC4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PCDHGC4 were set to 34244665 Phenotypes for gene: PCDHGC4 were set to Intellectual disability; Seizures Review for gene: PCDHGC4 was set to GREEN Added comment: Eight variants reported in 19 members of nine unreleted families with a neurodevelopmental syndrome. Severe or moderate intellectual disabilty in eight families and seizures in four families. Four of the variants were LoF, in silico analysis of the remaining missense (n=3) and splice variants were predicted to be pathogenic. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8312 | C2orf69 |
Zornitza Stark gene: C2orf69 was added gene: C2orf69 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: C2orf69 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: C2orf69 were set to 34038740; 33945503 Phenotypes for gene: C2orf69 were set to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-53 (COXPD53), MIM#619423 Review for gene: C2orf69 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID 34038740: 20 affected children from 8 unrelated families reported, presenting with fatal syndrome consisting of severe autoinflammation and progredient leukoencephalopathy with recurrent seizures; 12 of these subjects, whose DNA was available, segregated homozygous loss-of-function C2orf69 variants. Endogenous C2ORF69 was found to be (1) loosely bound to mitochondria, (2) affects mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative respiration in cultured neurons, and (3) controls the levels of the glycogen branching enzyme 1 (GBE1) consistent with a glycogen-storage-associated mitochondriopathy. Zebrafish model. PMID 33945503: 8 individuals from 5 families reported with muscle hypotonia, developmental delay, progressive microcephaly, and brain MRI abnormalities. Age at onset ranged from birth to 6 months of age. Six patients had vision impairment, liver abnormalities, inflammation/inflammatory arthritis, and 5 patients had seizures. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8292 | IRX5 |
Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Hamamy syndrome #611174 (AR) in OMIM. Hamamy syndrome is characterised by craniofacial dysmorphism, hearing loss, skeletal anomalies, microcytic hypochromic anemia and congenital heart defects. Severe myopia has also been reported. Homozygous missense variants in IRX5 were reported in 2 families with this condition. Cone dystrophy ------------------- PMID: 33891002 - Khol et al 2021 - report 3 unrelated families with duplications of a region covering the genes IRX5 and IRX6 completely, and the proximal exons of MMP2 and cone dystrophy. They propose that overexpression of IRX5 and IRX6 may be the cause of the disease, and this is supported by expression analysis in patient-derived fibroblasts and zebrafish experiments. Initial family is a large 5 generation German family with 14 members with autosomal dominant cone dystrophy in which a 600kb duplicated region covering IRX5/IRX6 and part of MMP2 was identified. 2 additional families of Chinese and Dutch descent with copy number gains of ~700 and ~850 kb, covering the same region were then identified. The smallest region of overlap is 608kb. In addition another family of German decent is reported with adCD and the same duplication as the first German family. It is not known if they are distantly related. Segregation analysis on available members of all families showed the duplication in affected members and not in unaffected. They find that IRX5, IRX6 and MMP2 are expressed in human adult retina. Several lincRNA within the locus are also expressed. In patient derived fibroblasts IRX5 and IRX6 showed increased expression levels. Over expression of IRX5 and IRX6 results in impaired visual performance in zebrafish larvae.; to: Associated with Hamamy syndrome #611174 (AR) in OMIM. Hamamy syndrome is characterised by craniofacial dysmorphism, hearing loss, skeletal anomalies, microcytic hypochromic anemia and congenital heart defects. Severe myopia has also been reported. Homozygous missense variants in IRX5 were reported in 2 families with this condition (PMID: 22581230;17230486) Duplication of gene ------------------- PMID: 33891002 - Kohl et al 2021 - report 3 unrelated families with duplications of a region covering the genes IRX5 and IRX6 completely, and the proximal exons of MMP2 and cone dystrophy. They propose that overexpression of IRX5 and IRX6 may be the cause of the disease, and this is supported by expression analysis in patient-derived fibroblasts and zebrafish experiments. Initial family is a large 5 generation German family with 14 members with autosomal dominant cone dystrophy in which a 600kb duplicated region covering IRX5/IRX6 and part of MMP2 was identified. 2 additional families of Chinese and Dutch descent with copy number gains of ~700 and ~850 kb, covering the same region were then identified. The smallest region of overlap is 608kb. In addition another family of German decent is reported with adCD and the same duplication as the first German family. It is not known if they are distantly related. Segregation analysis on available members of all families showed the duplication in affected members and not in unaffected. They find that IRX5, IRX6 and MMP2 are expressed in human adult retina. Several lincRNA within the locus are also expressed. In patient derived fibroblasts IRX5 and IRX6 showed increased expression levels. Over expression of IRX5 and IRX6 results in impaired visual performance in zebrafish larvae. Loss of function/gene --------- PMID: 28041643 - Carss et al 2017 - screened a cohort of 722 individuals with inherited retinal disease using WES/WGS. 1 case reported with a biallelic deletion in IRX5 reported which leads to a frameshift ENST00000394636.4; c.1362_1366delTAAAG, p.Lys455ProfsTer19 in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. PMID: 32045705 - Apuzzo et al 2020 - report 2 cases of loss of a region in 16q12.1q21 which encompasses IRX5 and IRX6 and many other genes, which together with 3 other previous reports of deletions in this region help define a syndrome with features that include dysmorphic features, short stature, microcephaly, global developmental delay/intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ocular abnormalities (nystagmus and strabismus). |
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| Mendeliome v0.8292 | IRX6 |
Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Not associated with any disorder in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. PMID: 33891002 - Khol et al 2021 - report 3 unrelated families with duplications of a region covering the genes IRX5 and IRX6 completely, and the proximal exons of MMP2 and cone dystrophy. They propose that overexpression of IRX5 and IRX6 may be the cause of the disease, and this is supported by expression analysis in patient-derived fibroblasts and zebrafish experiments. Initial family is a large 5 generation German family with 14 members with autosomal dominant cone dystrophy in which a 600kb duplicated region covering IRX5/IRX6 and part of MMP2 was identified. 2 additional families of Chinese and Dutch descent with copy number gains of ~700 and ~850 kb, covering the same region were then identified. The smallest region of overlap is 608kb. In addition another family of German decent is reported with adCD and the same duplication as the first German family. It is not known if they are distantly related. Segregation analysis on available members of all families showed the duplication in affected members and not in unaffected. They find that IRX5, IRX6 and MMP2 are expressed in human adult retina. Several lincRNA within the locus are also expressed. In patient derived fibroblasts IRX5 and IRX6 showed increased expression levels. Over expression of IRX5 and IRX6 results in impaired visual performance in zebrafish larvae. Sources: Literature; to: Not associated with any disorder in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. PMID: 33891002 - Kohl et al 2021 - report 3 unrelated families with duplications of a region covering the genes IRX5 and IRX6 completely, and the proximal exons of MMP2 and cone dystrophy. They propose that overexpression of IRX5 and IRX6 may be the cause of the disease, and this is supported by expression analysis in patient-derived fibroblasts and zebrafish experiments. Initial family is a large 5 generation German family with 14 members with autosomal dominant cone dystrophy in which a 600kb duplicated region covering IRX5/IRX6 and part of MMP2 was identified. 2 additional families of Chinese and Dutch descent with copy number gains of ~700 and ~850 kb, covering the same region were then identified. The smallest region of overlap is 608kb. In addition another family of German decent is reported with adCD and the same duplication as the first German family. It is not known if they are distantly related. Segregation analysis on available members of all families showed the duplication in affected members and not in unaffected. They find that IRX5, IRX6 and MMP2 are expressed in human adult retina. Several lincRNA within the locus are also expressed. In patient derived fibroblasts IRX5 and IRX6 showed increased expression levels. Over expression of IRX5 and IRX6 results in impaired visual performance in zebrafish larvae. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8264 | IRX6 |
Eleanor Williams gene: IRX6 was added gene: IRX6 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: IRX6 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: IRX6 were set to 33891002 Phenotypes for gene: IRX6 were set to cone dystrophy, MONDO:0000455 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: IRX6 was set to Other Review for gene: IRX6 was set to GREEN Added comment: Not associated with any disorder in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. PMID: 33891002 - Khol et al 2021 - report 3 unrelated families with duplications of a region covering the genes IRX5 and IRX6 completely, and the proximal exons of MMP2 and cone dystrophy. They propose that overexpression of IRX5 and IRX6 may be the cause of the disease, and this is supported by expression analysis in patient-derived fibroblasts and zebrafish experiments. Initial family is a large 5 generation German family with 14 members with autosomal dominant cone dystrophy in which a 600kb duplicated region covering IRX5/IRX6 and part of MMP2 was identified. 2 additional families of Chinese and Dutch descent with copy number gains of ~700 and ~850 kb, covering the same region were then identified. The smallest region of overlap is 608kb. In addition another family of German decent is reported with adCD and the same duplication as the first German family. It is not known if they are distantly related. Segregation analysis on available members of all families showed the duplication in affected members and not in unaffected. They find that IRX5, IRX6 and MMP2 are expressed in human adult retina. Several lincRNA within the locus are also expressed. In patient derived fibroblasts IRX5 and IRX6 showed increased expression levels. Over expression of IRX5 and IRX6 results in impaired visual performance in zebrafish larvae. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8037 | GATA2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GATA2 were changed from to Immunodeficiency 21, MIM# 614172; GATA2 deficiency with susceptibility to MDS/AML MONDO:0042982; Emberger syndrome, MIM# 614038; Deafness-lymphoedema-leukaemia syndrome MONDO:0013540 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8034 | GATA2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GATA2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21670465, 21242295, 21892158; Phenotypes: Immunodeficiency 21, MIM# 614172, GATA2 deficiency with susceptibility to MDS/AML MONDO:0042982, Emberger syndrome, MIM# 614038, Deafness-lymphoedema-leukaemia syndrome MONDO:0013540; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8011 | ADA2 | Zornitza Stark commented on gene: ADA2: Vasculitis, autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, and haematologic defects syndrome (VAIHS) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder with onset in childhood. The phenotype is highly variable, but most patients have features of a systemic vascular inflammatory disorder with skin ulceration and recurrent strokes affecting the small vessels of the brain resulting in neurologic dysfunction. Other features may include recurrent fever, elevated acute-phase proteins, myalgias, lesions resembling polyarteritis nodosa, and/or livedo racemosa or reticularis with an inflammatory vasculitis on biopsy. Some patients may have renal and/or gastrointestinal involvement, hypertension, aneurysms, or ischemic necrosis of the digits. Some affected individuals have immunodeficiency. At least 10 unrelated families reported, the p.Gly47Arg variant is a common founder variant in the Jewish population. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8009 | IFT74 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: IFT74: Added comment: PMID 33531668: Identified IFT74 as a JBTS-associated gene in 3 unrelated families through WES. All the affected individuals carried truncated variants and shared one missense variant (p.Q179E) found only in East Asians. The expression of the human p.Q179E-IFT74 variant displayed compromised rescue effects in zebrafish ift74 morphants. Attenuated ciliogenesis; altered distribution of IFT proteins and ciliary membrane proteins, including ARL13B, INPP5E, and GPR161; and disrupted hedgehog signaling were observed in patient fibroblasts with IFT74 variants.; Changed publications: 27486776, 32144365, 33531668; Changed phenotypes: Bardet-Biedl syndrome 20, MIM# 617119, Joubert syndrome | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8002 | SEMA3F |
Zornitza Stark gene: SEMA3F was added gene: SEMA3F was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SEMA3F was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SEMA3F were set to 33495532 Phenotypes for gene: SEMA3F were set to Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Review for gene: SEMA3F was set to GREEN Added comment: Screened 216 patients with Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism by exome sequencing. Identified 10 individuals from 7 families with heterozygous SEMA3F missense variants. In 4 of the kindreds, there was at least one more gene known to be associated with IHH (oligogenecity). Provide unequivocal human embryonic data showing the expression of SEMA3F along the developing human GnRH migratory pathway. SEMA3Fs harboring the P452T, T29M, and T724M missense variants showed impaired SEMA3F secretion in whole cell lysates. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7911 | MYOF |
Zornitza Stark gene: MYOF was added gene: MYOF was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: MYOF was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: MYOF were set to 32542751 Phenotypes for gene: MYOF were set to Hereditary angioedema-7 (HAE7), MIM#619366 Review for gene: MYOF was set to RED Added comment: Three individuals from one family reported, onset of recurrent episodic swelling of the face, lips, and oral mucosa was in the second decade. Variant was also present in another unaffected family member. Some functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.7905 | PLG |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Association between mono-allelic variants and HAE: Over 20 families reported with a recurrent variant, p.Lys330Glu. Single family reported with a different variant. Note bi-allelic variants are associated with a separate disorder. Bi-allelic variants and plasminogen deficiency: congenital plasminogen deficiency is characterised clinically by chronic mucosal pseudomembranous lesions consisting of subepithelial fibrin deposition and inflammation. The most common clinical manifestation is ligneous ('wood-like') conjunctivitis, a redness and subsequent formation of pseudomembranes mostly on the palpebral surfaces of the eye that progress to white, yellow-white, or red thick masses with a wood-like consistency that replace the normal mucosa. The lesions may be triggered by local injury and/or infection and often recur after local excision. Pseudomembranous lesions of other mucous membranes often occur in the mouth, nasopharynx, trachea, and female genital tract. Some affected children also have congenital occlusive hydrocephalus. At least 3 unrelated families reported.; to: Association between mono-allelic variants and HAE: Over 20 families reported with a recurrent variant, p.Lys330Glu. Single family reported with a different variant. Note bi-allelic variants are associated with a separate disorder. Bi-allelic variants and plasminogen deficiency: congenital plasminogen deficiency is characterised clinically by chronic mucosal pseudomembranous lesions consisting of subepithelial fibrin deposition and inflammation. The most common clinical manifestation is ligneous ('wood-like') conjunctivitis, a redness and subsequent formation of pseudomembranes mostly on the palpebral surfaces of the eye that progress to white, yellow-white, or red thick masses with a wood-like consistency that replace the normal mucosa. The lesions may be triggered by local injury and/or infection and often recur after local excision. Pseudomembranous lesions of other mucous membranes often occur in the mouth, nasopharynx, trachea, and female genital tract. Some affected children also have congenital occlusive hydrocephalus. Over 20 unrelated families reported. |
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| Mendeliome v0.7767 | FGB |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Inherited disorders of fibrinogen affect either the quantity (afibrinogenaemia and hypofibrinogenaemia) or the quality (dysfibrinogenemia) of the circulating fibrinogen or both. Afibrinogenaemia is characterized by the complete absence of immunoreactive fibrinogen. Bleeding due to afibrinogenaemia usually manifests in the neonatal period, with 85% of cases presenting umbilical cord bleeding, but a later age of onst is not unusual. Bleeding may occur in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, or the central nervous system, with intracranial haemorrhage being reported as the major cause of death. Patients are susceptible to spontaneous rupture of the spleen. First-trimester pregnancy loss is common. Both arterial and venous thromboembolic complications have been reported. Hypofibrinogenaemia is a milder disorder. Well established gene-disease association.; to: Inherited disorders of fibrinogen affect either the quantity (afibrinogenaemia and hypofibrinogenaemia) or the quality (dysfibrinogenemia) of the circulating fibrinogen or both. Afibrinogenaemia is characterized by the complete absence of immunoreactive fibrinogen. Bleeding due to afibrinogenaemia usually manifests in the neonatal period, with 85% of cases presenting umbilical cord bleeding, but a later age of onst is not unusual. Bleeding may occur in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, or the central nervous system, with intracranial haemorrhage being reported as the major cause of death. Patients are susceptible to spontaneous rupture of the spleen. First-trimester pregnancy loss is common. Both arterial and venous thromboembolic complications have been reported. Hypofibrinogenaemia is a milder disorder. Well established gene-disease association. |
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| Mendeliome v0.7506 | POLR3K |
Zornitza Stark gene: POLR3K was added gene: POLR3K was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: POLR3K was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: POLR3K were set to 30584594; 33659930 Phenotypes for gene: POLR3K were set to Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-21, MIM#619310 Review for gene: POLR3K was set to AMBER Added comment: Two individuals from same ethnic background reported with a common homozygous missense variant in this gene, suggestive of founder effect. Some functional evidence, and note other gene family members are linked to similar phenotypes. Neurodegenerative phenotype: global developmental delay apparent from infancy with loss of motor, speech, and cognitive milestones in the first decades of life. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.7464 | JAG2 |
Belinda Chong gene: JAG2 was added gene: JAG2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: JAG2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: JAG2 were set to PMID: 33861953 Phenotypes for gene: JAG2 were set to muscular dystrophy Review for gene: JAG2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Whole-exome sequencing identified 13 families with rare homozygous or compound heterozygous JAG2 variants. Bi-allelic variants include 10 missense variants that disrupt highly conserved amino acids, a nonsense variant, two frameshift variants, an in-frame deletion, and a microdeletion encompassing JAG2. Onset of muscle weakness occurred from infancy to young adulthood. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were normal or mildly elevated. Muscle histology was primarily dystrophic. MRI of the lower extremities revealed a distinct, slightly asymmetric pattern of muscle involvement with cores of preserved and affected muscles in quadriceps and tibialis anterior, in some cases resembling patterns seen in POGLUT1-associated muscular dystrophy. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7191 | PLCH1 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: PLCH1 was added gene: PLCH1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLCH1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PLCH1 were set to 33820834 Phenotypes for gene: PLCH1 were set to Holoprosencephaly spectrum; Severe developmental delay; Brain malformations Review for gene: PLCH1 was set to AMBER Added comment: PLCH1 is currently not associated with any phenotype in OMIM (last edited on 16/06/2009) or Gene2Phenotype. - PMID: 33820834 (2021) - Two sibling pairs from two unrelated families with a holoprosencephaly spectrum phenotype and different homozygous PLCH1 variants (c.2065C>T, p.Arg689* and c.4235delA, p.Cys1079ValfsTer16, respectively). One family presented with congenital hydrocephalus, epilepsy, significant developmental delay and a monoventricle or fused thalami; while sibs from the second family had alobar holoprosencephaly and cyclopia. 3/4 individuals also displayed a cleft palate and congenital heart disease. Human embryo immunohistochemistry showed PLCH1 to be expressed in the notorcord, developing spinal cord (in a ventral to dorsal gradient), dorsal root ganglia, cerebellum and dermatomyosome. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7135 | LAMP2 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: XLD. Vacuolar cardiomyopathy and myopathy. Gene encodes lysosome-associated membrane protein-2.; to: XLD. Gene encodes lysosome-associated membrane protein-2. Danon disease is an X-linked dominant disorder predominantly affecting cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle involvement and mental retardation are variable features. The accumulation of glycogen in muscle and lysosomes originally led to the classification of Danon disease as a variant of glycogen storage disease II (Pompe disease) with 'normal acid maltase' or alpha-glucosidase, however, it may be more accurately classified as a lysosomal disorder. |
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| Mendeliome v0.7080 | NDUFB7 |
Bryony Thompson gene: NDUFB7 was added gene: NDUFB7 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFB7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NDUFB7 were set to 33502047; 27626371 Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB7 were set to Congenital lactic acidosis; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Review for gene: NDUFB7 was set to AMBER Added comment: Single patient with a homozygous variant impacting RNA splicing (c.113-10C>G) with intrauterine growth restriction and anaemia, which displayed postpartum hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, encephalopathy, and a severe complex I defect with fatal outcome. Also, a supporting knockout cell line model demonstrating impaired complex I assembly. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7056 | CCDC88C |
Paul De Fazio changed review comment from: Heterozygous missense variant (gnomad: 1 het) reported in a 48-year-old Sudanese female presented with pure early onset hereditary spastic paraplegia. In contrast to previous reports, she developed neurological symptoms in early childhood and showed neither features of cerebellar ataxia, extrapyramidal signs, nor evidence of intellectual involvement. Functional studies showed the varaint induced JNK hyper-phosphorylation and enhanced apoptosis. 4 unaffected family members did not have the variant. This phenotype appears to be sufficiently dissimilar to the 2 previously reported SCA families to not constitute a 3rd supporting report in that context.; to: Heterozygous missense variant (gnomad: 1 het) reported in a 48-year-old Sudanese female presented with pure early onset hereditary spastic paraplegia. In contrast to previous reports, she developed neurological symptoms in early childhood and showed neither features of cerebellar ataxia, extrapyramidal signs, nor evidence of intellectual involvement. Functional studies showed the varaint induced JNK hyper-phosphorylation and enhanced apoptosis. 4 unaffected family members did not have the variant. NB: Rated Amber as this phenotype appears to be sufficiently dissimilar to the 2 previously reported SCA families to not constitute a 3rd supporting report in that context. Gene remains Green for the AR ID phenotype. |
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| Mendeliome v0.6808 | SATB1 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SATB1: Added comment: Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome-like (KTZSL) is characterized by global developmental delay with moderately to severely impaired intellectual development, poor or absent speech, and delayed motor skills. Although the severity of the disorder varies, many patients are nonverbal and have hypotonia with inability to sit or walk. Early-onset epilepsy is common and may be refractory to treatment, leading to epileptic encephalopathy and further interruption of developmental progress. Most patients have feeding difficulties with poor overall growth and dysmorphic facial features, as well as significant dental anomalies resembling amelogenesis imperfecta. This phenotype was reported in 28 patients (patients 13 to 40, PMID 33513338), including 9 patients from 3 families. Most variants were de novo, though some were inherited, suggestive of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.; Changed phenotypes: Developmental delay with dysmorphic facies and dental anomalies, MIM# 619228, Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome-like, MIM# 619229 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.6526 | APOO |
Arina Puzriakova gene: APOO was added gene: APOO was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: APOO was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) Publications for gene: APOO were set to 32439808 Phenotypes for gene: APOO were set to Developmental delay; Lactic acidosis; Muscle weakness; Hypotonia; Repetitive infections; Cognitive impairment; Autistic behaviour Review for gene: APOO was set to RED Added comment: - PMID: 32439808 (2021) - Three generation family with c.350T>C variant in APOO, encoding a component of the MICOS complex which plays a role in maintaining inner mitochondrial membrane architecture. Phenotypes include fatigue and muscle weakness (6/8), learning difficulties and cognitive impairment (4/8), and increased blood lactate (2/8). Four individuals were asymptomatic carriers, including one male (authors indicate variability in female carriers was due to skewed X-inactivation, although skewing studies were inconclusive in some cases). Variability in clinical presentation suggests reduced penetrance or possible contribution of additional factors. Functional studies showed altered MICOS assembly and abnormalities in mitochondria ultrastructure in patient-derived fibroblasts. Knockdown studies in Drosophila and yeast demonstrated mitochondrial structural and functional deficiencies. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.6320 | FSTL5 |
Eleanor Williams gene: FSTL5 was added gene: FSTL5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FSTL5 was set to Unknown Publications for gene: FSTL5 were set to 33105483 Phenotypes for gene: FSTL5 were set to isolated club-foot; iTEV; Talipes equinovarus Review for gene: FSTL5 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 33105483 - Khanshour et al 20201 - GWAS study of isolated Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot, iTEV) identified an associated locus within FSTL5. They show that Fstl5 is expressed in the embryonic hindlimb in bats, chicks and mice. However, Fstl5 was expressed more highly in neural tissues in mice, and rats lacking Fstl5 showed no gross developmental malformations. Conditional overexpression of Fstl5 in osteochondroprogenitors resulted in sexually dimorphic differences in skeletal development in mice. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.6178 | HEY2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: HEY2 was added gene: HEY2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HEY2 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: HEY2 were set to 32820247 Phenotypes for gene: HEY2 were set to congenital heart defects and thoracic aortic aneurysms Review for gene: HEY2 was set to RED Added comment: A very large family affected by CHD and familial thoracic aortic aneurysms. Trio genome sequencing was carried out in an index patient with critical CHD, and family members had either exome or Sanger sequencing. Identified homozygous loss-of-function variant (c.318_319delAG, p.G108*) in HEY2 in 3 individuals in family with critical CHD, whereas the 20 heterozygous carriers show a spectrum of CVDs (CHD and FTAA, but varying expressivity and incomplete penetrance). Other studies show that knockout of HEY2 in mice results in cardiovascular defects (CVDs), including septal defects, cardiomyopathy, a thin-walled aorta, and valve anomalies. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.6171 | CLRN2 |
Paul De Fazio gene: CLRN2 was added gene: CLRN2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CLRN2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CLRN2 were set to 33496845 Phenotypes for gene: CLRN2 were set to Non-syndromic hearing loss Review for gene: CLRN2 was set to AMBER gene: CLRN2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Missense variant segregates with non-syndromic hearing loss in 3 members of a consanguineous family, two from one nuclear family and one from another. The variant was also shown to result in some transcripts being abnormally spliced, resulting in a premature stop codon. Functional studies in zebrafish and mice show the gene plays an essential role in normal organization and maintenance of the auditory hair bundles, and for hearing function. Rated Amber due to supporting functional studies in mice. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.6149 | NOS1AP |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: NOS1AP: Added comment: Nephrotic syndrome type 22 (NPHS22) is an autosomal recessive renal disease characterized by onset of progressive kidney dysfunction in infancy. Affected individuals usually present with edema associated with hypoproteinemia, proteinuria, and microscopic hematuria. Renal biopsy shows effacement of the podocyte foot processes, glomerulosclerosis, and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. The disease is steroid-resistant and progressive, resulting in end-stage renal disease usually necessitating kidney transplant. Two unrelated families and animal model. No PMID yet: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/1/eabe1386; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed phenotypes: Nephrotic syndrome, type 22, MIM# 619155; Changed mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal |
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| Mendeliome v0.5507 | FKBP8 |
Eleanor Williams gene: FKBP8 was added gene: FKBP8 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FKBP8 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: FKBP8 were set to 32969478 Phenotypes for gene: FKBP8 were set to spina bifida HP:0002414 Review for gene: FKBP8 was set to AMBER Added comment: Not associated with a phenotype in OMIM. PMID: 32969478 - Tian et al 2020 - performed Sanger sequencing of FKBP8 on DNA samples from 472 spina bifida (SB) affected fetuses and 565 unaffected controls. 5 different rare heterozygous variants (MAF ≤ 0.001) were identified among the SB patients, while no deleterious rare variants were identified in the controls. 4 of the variants are missense, the other is a stop-gain. 2 cases were in white-Hispanic patients while the other 3 were non-white Hispanic. Functional studies showed that p.Glu140* affected FKBP8 localization to the mitochondria and impaired its interaction with BCL2 ultimately leading to an increase in cellular apoptosis. p.Ser3Leu, p.Lys315Asn and p.Ala292Ser variants decreased FKBP8 protein level. Gene expression was studied in mouse Fkbp8-/- embryos and found to be abnormal. Previous mouse models have shown neural tube defects. Sufficient cases to rate green, but only the FKBP8 gene looked at so perhaps some caution required while further evidence is gathered. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.5470 | TLE6 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TLE6 was added gene: TLE6 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: TLE6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TLE6 were set to 26537248; 31897846 Phenotypes for gene: TLE6 were set to Preimplantation embryonic lethality, MIM# 616814 Review for gene: TLE6 was set to GREEN Added comment: At least 5 individuals reported with bi-allelic variants and early embryonic lethality. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.5222 | MPP5 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: MPP5 was added gene: MPP5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MPP5 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: MPP5 were set to 33073849 Phenotypes for gene: MPP5 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Delayed speech and language development; Developmental regression; Behavioral abnormality Penetrance for gene: MPP5 were set to unknown Review for gene: MPP5 was set to GREEN Added comment: Sterling et al (2020 - PMID: 33073849) provide information on the phenotype of 3 individuals with de novo MPP5 variants. Common features included global developmental delay, intellectual disability (3/3 - severe in 2/3), speech delay/regression (the latter in at least 2) and behavioral abnormalities. Variable other features were reported, among others microcephaly (1/3), abnormal vision (1/3 : CVI, retinal dystrophy, nystagmus), brain MRI abnormalities (2/3), late-onset seizures (1/3). These subjects displayed variable and non-specific dysmorphic features. All were investigated by exome sequencing (previous investigations not mentioned). One subject was found to harbor a de novo mosaic (5/25 reads) stopgain variant, further confirmed by Sanger sequencing [NM_022474.4:c.1555C>T - p.(Arg519Ter). The specific variant is reported once in gnomAD (1/251338). Two de novo missense variants were identified in the remaining individuals [c.1289A>G - p.Glu430Gly / c.974A>C - p.His325Pro). All variants had in silico predictions in favor of a deleterious effect (CADD score >24). The authors comment that MPP5 encodes an apical complex protein with asymmetric localization to the apical side of polarized cells. It is expressed in brain, peripheral nervous system and other tissues. MPP5 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family of proteins (MAGUK p55 subfamily), determining cell polarity at tight junctions. Previous animal models suggest that complete Mpp5(Pals1) KO in mice leads to near absence of cerebral cortical neurons. Htz KO display reduction in size of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The gene is expressed in proliferating cell populations of cerebellum and important for establishment cerebellar architecture. Conditional KO of Mpp5(Pals1) in retinal progenitor cells mimics the retinal pathology observed in LCA. [Several refs. provided] The authors studied a heterozygous CNS-specific Mpp5 KO mouse model. These mice presented microcephaly, decreased cerebellar volume and cortical thickness, decreased ependymal cells and Mpp5 at the apical surface of cortical vertrical zone. The proportion of cortical cells undergoing apoptotic cell death was increased. Mice displayed behavioral abnormalities (hyperactivity) and visual deficits, with ERG traces further suggesting retinal blindness. Overall the mouse model was thought to recapitulate the behavioral abnormalities observed in affected subjects as well as individual rare features such as microcephaly and abnormal vision. Haploinsufficiency (rather than a dominant negative effect) is favored as the underlying disease mechanism. This is also in line with a dose dependent effect observed in mice. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.5168 | SLC35A3 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SLC35A3: Added comment: Third unrelated family reported in PMID 28777481 with prenatally diagnosed anomalous vertebrae, including butterfly, and hemivertebrae throughout the spine, as well as cleft palate, micrognathia, patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, posterior embryotoxon, short limbs, camptodactyly, talipes valgus, rocker bottom feet, and facial dysmorphism including proptosis, nevus flammeus, and a cupped left ear. Unclear if this is a distinct phenotype (note Holstein cows with variants in this gene have a skeletal phenotype) or part of a spectrum for a CDG. However, abnormal protein glycosylation, consistent with a defective Golgi UDP-GlcNAc transporter demonstrated, so overall, promoted to Green for CDG.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 28777481, 28328131, 24031089; Changed phenotypes: Arthrogryposis, mental retardation, and seizures OMIM #615553, Skeletal dysplasia, Congenital disorder of glycosylation; Changed mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4872 | SHMT2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SHMT2 was added gene: SHMT2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SHMT2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SHMT2 were set to 33015733 Phenotypes for gene: SHMT2 were set to Congenital microcephaly; Infantile axial hypotonia; Spastic paraparesis; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormal cortical gyration; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Abnormality of the face; Proximal placement of thumb; 2-3 toe syndactyly Review for gene: SHMT2 was set to GREEN Added comment: García‑Cazorla et al. (2020 - PMID: 33015733) report 5 individuals (from 4 families) with a novel brain and heart developmental syndrome caused by biallelic SHMT2 pathogenic variants. All affected subjects presented similar phenotype incl. microcephaly at birth (5/5 with OFC < -2 SD though in 2/5 cases N OFC was observed later), DD and ID (1/5 mild-moderate, 1/5 moderate, 3/5 severe), motor dysfunction in the form of spastic (5/5) paraparesis, ataxia/dysmetria (3/4), intention tremor (in 3/?) and/or peripheral neuropathy (2 sibs). They exhibited corpus callosum hypoplasia (5/5) and perisylvian microgyria-like pattern (4/5). Cardiac problems were reported in all, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 4/5 (from 3 families) and atrial-SD in the 5th individual (1/5). Common dysmorphic features incl. long palpebral/fissures, eversion of lateral third of lower eylids, arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, thin upper lip, short Vth finger, fetal pads, mild 2-3 toe syndactyly, proximally placed thumbs. Biallelic variants were identified following exome sequencing in all (other investigations not mentioned). Identified variants were in all cases missense SNVs or in-frame del, which together with evidence from population databases and mouse model might suggest a hypomorphic effect of variants and intolerance/embryonic lethality for homozygous LoF ones. SHMT2 encodes the mitohondrial form of serine hydroxymethyltransferase. The enzyme transfers one-carbon units from serine to tetrahydrofolate (THF) and generates glycine and 5,10,methylene-THF. Mitochondrial defect was suggested by presence of ragged red fibers in myocardial biopsy of one patient. Quadriceps and myocardial biopsies of the same individual were overall suggestive of myopathic changes. While plasma metabolites were within N range and SHMT2 protein levels not significantly altered in patient fibroblasts, the authors provide evidence for impaired enzymatic function eg. presence of the SHMT2 substrate (THF) in patient but not control (mitochondria-enriched) fibroblasts , decrease in glycine/serine ratios, impared folate metabolism. Patient fibroblasts displayed impaired oxidative capacity (reduced ATP levels in a medium without glucose, diminished oxygen consumption rates). Mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS levels were also suggestive of redox malfunction. Shmt2 ko in mice was previously shown to be embryonically lethal attributed to severe mitochondrial respiration defects, although there was no observed brain metabolic defect. The authors performed Shmt2 knockdown in motoneurons in Drosophila, demonstrating neuromuscular junction (# of satellite boutons) and motility defects (climbing distance/velocity). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4789 | THOC1 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: Missense variant identified and segregated with adult-onset hearing loss in 9 affected family members. 12 unaffected individuals also tested. Functional studies showed THOC1 was expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. Furthermore, thoc1 deficiency caused the reduction of hair cell numbers in zebrafish and in mouse it induced hair cell apoptosis. Sources: Literature; to: Missense variant identified and segregated with adult-onset hearing loss in 9 affected family members. 12 unaffected individuals also tested. Functional studies showed THOC1 was expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. Furthermore, thoc1 deficiency caused the reduction of hair cell numbers in zebrafish and the hypomorphic thoc1 in mouse induced hair cell apoptosis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4786 | THOC1 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: Missense variant identified and segregated with adult-onset hearing loss in 9 affected family members. 12 unaffected individuals also tested. Functional studies showed THOC1 was expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. Furthermore, thoc1 deficiency caused the reduction of hair cell numbers in zebrafish and the induced hair cell apoptosis. Sources: Literature; to: Missense variant identified and segregated with adult-onset hearing loss in 9 affected family members. 12 unaffected individuals also tested. Functional studies showed THOC1 was expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. Furthermore, thoc1 deficiency caused the reduction of hair cell numbers in zebrafish and in mouse it induced hair cell apoptosis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4783 | THOC1 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: Missense variant identified and segregated with adulthood-onset hearing loss in 9 affected family members. 12 unaffected individuals also tested. Functional studies showed THOC1 was expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. Furthermore, thoc1 deficiency caused the reduction of hair cell numbers in zebrafish and the induced hair cell apoptosis. Sources: Literature; to: Missense variant identified and segregated with adult-onset hearing loss in 9 affected family members. 12 unaffected individuals also tested. Functional studies showed THOC1 was expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. Furthermore, thoc1 deficiency caused the reduction of hair cell numbers in zebrafish and the induced hair cell apoptosis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4783 | PRICKLE3 |
Teresa Zhao gene: PRICKLE3 was added gene: PRICKLE3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PRICKLE3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) Publications for gene: PRICKLE3 were set to 32516135 Phenotypes for gene: PRICKLE3 were set to Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy MIM#535000 Review for gene: PRICKLE3 was set to AMBER Added comment: Reported as X-linked LHON modifier (c.157C>T, p.Arg53Trp) in PRICKLE3 in 3 Chinese families. All affected individuals carried both ND4 11778G>A and p.Arg53Trp mutations, while subjects bearing only a single mutation exhibited normal vision. Defective assembly, stability, and function of ATP synthase observed using Lymphoblastoid cell lines from one of the families. This finding indicated that the p.Arg53Trp mutation acted in synergy with the m.11778G>A mutation and deteriorated mitochondrial dysfunctions necessary for the expression of LHON. Prickle3-deficient mice exhibited pronounced ATPase deficiencies. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4782 | THOC1 |
Melanie Marty gene: THOC1 was added gene: THOC1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: THOC1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: THOC1 were set to 32776944 Phenotypes for gene: THOC1 were set to Nonsyndromic hearing loss Review for gene: THOC1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Missense variant identified and segregated with adulthood-onset hearing loss in 9 affected family members. 12 unaffected individuals also tested. Functional studies showed THOC1 was expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. Furthermore, thoc1 deficiency caused the reduction of hair cell numbers in zebrafish and the induced hair cell apoptosis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4668 | BLOC1S5 |
Zornitza Stark gene: BLOC1S5 was added gene: BLOC1S5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: BLOC1S5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: BLOC1S5 were set to 32565547 Phenotypes for gene: BLOC1S5 were set to Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Review for gene: BLOC1S5 was set to GREEN Added comment: 2 unrelated patients with mild oculocutaneous albinism, moderate bleeding diathesis, platelet aggregation deficit, and a dramatically decreased number of platelet dense granules, all signs compatible with HPS. Identified distinct homozygous variants in the BLOC1S5 gene (patient 1: deletion of exons 3 and 4, patient 2: 1-bp deletion in exon 4). Parental segregation confirmatory in patient 1, quantitative PCR analysis confirmatory in patient 2). Functional tests performed on platelets of one patient displayed an absence of the obligate multisubunit complex BLOC-1, showing that the variant disrupts BLOC1S5 function and impairs BLOC-1 assembly. Expression of the patient-derived BLOC1S5 deletion in nonpigmented murine Bloc1s5-/- melan-mu melanocytes failed to rescue pigmentation, the assembly of a functional BLOC-1 complex, and melanosome cargo trafficking, unlike the wild-type allele. Pathogenic variants in the genes encoding three other BLOC-1 subunits (DTNBP1, BLOC1S3, and BLOC1S6) underlie HPS types 7, 8, and 9 respectively. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4578 | TREM2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TREM2 were changed from to Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 2, MIM# 618193 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4575 | TREM2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TREM2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 12080485, 15883308; Phenotypes: Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy 2, MIM# 618193; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4520 | SLC12A2 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SLC12A2: Added comment: Monoallelic : DD/ID was a feature in >= 6 individuals with monoallelic de novo SLC12A2. An individual with an exon 22 truncating variant was reported to have normal milestones and cognitive function. Exon 21 variants have been described in individuals with rather isolated hearing impairment (possibly some associated motor delay, but normal cognition). Hearing impairment was also reported in 2/6 patients with variants in other exons (1 missense / 1 frameshift). Biallelic : DD/ID was reported in at least 3 individuals in literature. Hearing impairment has been reported on 2 occasions (although this was not probably evaluated in all subjects). --- Monoallelic SLC12A2 mutations : ► Individuals with de novo mutations and developmental disorder were first identified by the DDD study (2017 - PMID: 28135719). 5 of them have been reported in detail by McNeill et al (below). ► McNeill et al (2020 - PMID: 32658972) report on 6 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorder due to de novo SLC12A2 mutation. All presented DD or ID ranging from mild to severe. ASD was reported in 3/6. Sensorineural hearing loss was a feature in 2/6 with the remaining having normal formal evaluations. Brain, cardiac and/or additional malformations were reported in a single individual. Following non-diagnostic prior work-up (CMA, FMR1 or other investigations) trio exome sequencing revealed missense (4/6) or truncating variants (2/6). Three additional individuals (incl. a father and his son) with missense variants in exon 21 (NM_001046.3 / p.Glu979Lys and p.Glu980Lys) presented with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Speech and/or motor delay reported in these cases were attributed to the hearing impairment/vestibular arreflexia (cognitive abilities not tested). SLC12A2 encodes sodium-potassium-chloride transporter 1 (also NKCC1). The GTEx project has identified 8 isoforms. In brain both exon 21-containing/deleted isoforms are expressed (cited Morita et al 2014 - PMID: 24695712). As the authors discuss, RNA-seq of the developing mouse cochlea suggests that the exon 21 containing isoform is the single transcript expressed. Evidence from RNA-seq data (BrainSpan project) and literature suggests that the significant amounts of exon 21 lacking isoforms in fetal brain compensate for the deleterious effects of exon 21 variants and explain the lack of NDD in relevant patients. Slc12a2 (NKCC1) null mouse model has demonstrated that the transporter plays a role in accumulation of the potassium rich endolymph in the inner ear, with NKCC1 absence causing sensorineural deafness and imbalance. Slc12a2 display cochlear malformations, loss of hair cells and hearing impairment (cited Delpire et al 1999 - PMID: 10369265). The brain phenotype has not been studied extensively, although loss of Slc12a2 has been shown to inhibit neurogenesis (cited: Magalhães and Rivera et al. - PMID: 27582690). Slc12a2 null zebrafish display a collapse of the otic vesicle and reduced endolymph (Abbas and Whitfield, 2009 - PMID: 19633174) relevant to the human hearing disorder. In vitro assessment of NKCC1 ion transporter function in Xenopus laevis, supported the deleterious effect of the identified variants (significant reduction in K+ influx). Using available single cell RNA-seq data the authors further demonstrated that SLC12A2 expressing cells display transcriptomic profiles reflective of active neurogenesis. ► Delpire et al (2016 - PMID: 27900370 - not reviewed in detail) described a 13 y.o. girl harboring a de novo 11-bp deletion in SLC12A2 exon 22. This individual reached developmental milestones on time and had a NORMAL cognitive function. Hearing was seemingly normal. Features included orthostatic intolerance, respiratory weakness, multiple endocrine abnormalities, pancreatic insufficiency and multiorgan failure incl. gut and bladder. Exome in the proband, parents and 3 unaffected sibs suggested SLC12A2 as the only candidate for her phenotype. Functional analyses in Xenopus laevis oocytes suggested that a non functional transporter was expressed and trafficked to the membrane as the wt. Detection of the truncated protein at higher molecular sizes suggested either enhanced dimerization or misfolded aggregate. There was no dominant-negative effect of mutant NKCC1. In patient fibroblasts a reduced total and NKCC1-mediated K+ influx. ► Mutai et al (2020 - PMID: 32294086) report on several individuals from 4 families, harboring variants within exon 21 or - in one case - at it's 3' splice-site (leading to skipping oe this exon at the mRNA level). All subjects were investigated for severe/profound hearing loss (in line with the role of exon 21-included isoforms in cochlea. The variant segregated with hearing impairment in 3 generations of a family while in all other subjects the variant had occured as de novo event. Despite motor delays (e.g. the subject from fam2 could not hold head or sit at the age of 10m / the proband in Fam3 was able to hold his head and walk at 6 and 20 m respectively) behavior and cognition were commented to be within normal range. ----- Biallelic SLC12A2 mutations: ► Anazi et al (2017 - PMID: 29288388) briefly reported on a 3 y.o. boy (17DG0776) with central hypotonia, neonatal respiratory distress, failure to thrive, global DD and microcephaly and a skeletal survey suggestive of osteopenia. After non-diagnostic prior investigations (CMA revealing a 1p duplication classified as VUS, extensive metabolic workup), WES revealed a homozygous SLC12A2 splicing variant [NM_001046.2:c.2617-2A>G]. ► Macnamara et al (2019 - PMID: 30740830) described a 5.5 y.o. male with sensorineural hearing loss, profound delays in all developmental areas among several other features (choanal atresia, failure to thrive, respiratory problems, absent sweat and tear production or salivation, GI abnormalities). Genetic testing for several disorders considered (cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, sequencing and del/dup analysis of mtDNA) was normal. CMA revealed paternal uniparental isodisomy for chr. 5 and WGS a homozygous 22kb deletion in SLC12A2. This was followed by confirmation of homozygosity in the proband, heterozygosity of the unaffected father, delineation of breakpoints (chr5:127441491-127471419). mRNA studies in patient fibroblasts confirmed deletion of ex2-7, splicing of ex1 directly to ex8 and introduction of a premature stop codon in ex9. qRT-PCR confirmed that mRNA is likely subjected to NMD (expression ~80% of control). Western blot confirmed absence of the protein in the patient's fibroblasts. Again mouse models are thought to recapitulate the hearing defect but also the deficient saliva production (cited Evans et al 2000 - PMID: 10831596). Again the authors speculate a role of SLC12A2 in brain development based on evidence from murine models (migration, dendritic growth, increse in neuron density through regulation of GABAergic signalling (Young et al 2012 - PMID: 23015452). Hypotheses are also made on a regulatory relationship between NKCC1 and CFTR based on mRNA data from the ko mouse model. ► Stödberg et al (2020 - PMID: 32754646) reported 2 sibs with a complex neurodevelopmental disorder due to compound heterozygosity for a frameshift SLC12A2 variant and a splicing one (NM_001046:c.1431delT and c.2006-1G>A). Both presented hypotonia, neonatal S. aureus parotitis and respiratory problems (incl. apneas). While the older sib died at the age of 22 days, the younger one had persistent respiratory issues incl. a dry respiratory mucosa motivating metabolic, immunology investigations and testing for CF. She displayed microcephaly (OFC -2.5 SD, H was also -3.5SD), severe intellectual disability. MRI was suggestive of white matter and basal ganglia abnormalities. Other features incl. hearing impairment, and lack of tears,saliva and sweat, constipation and intestinal malrotation. There was facial dysmorphism. The variants were the only retained following WGS of the 2 affected sisters, parents and an unaffected brother. The splicing variant was shown to result in skipping of exon 13, while the indel in NMD. Again the authors discuss that the deficient saliva production, impaired hearing and GI problems are recapitulated in the mouse model (several refs provided).; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 28135719, 32658972, 27900370, 32294086, 29288388, 30740830, 32754646; Changed phenotypes: Kilquist syndrome, deafness, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, absent salivation, ectodermal dysplasia, constipation, intestinal malrotation, multiple congenital anomalies; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal |
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| Mendeliome v0.4230 | MCM10 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MCM10 was added gene: MCM10 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MCM10 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MCM10 were set to 32865517 Phenotypes for gene: MCM10 were set to Susceptibility to CMV Review for gene: MCM10 was set to RED Added comment: Compound heterozygous variants in minichromosomal maintenance complex member 10 (MCM10) reported as a cause of NK-cell deficiency in a child with fatal susceptibility to CMV. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4134 | TRAPPC2L |
Arina Puzriakova changed review comment from: Gene is associated with Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with episodic rhabdomyolysis in OMIM, but not in G2P. PMID: 30120216 (2018) - Two unrelated probands with an identical homozygous missense (c.109G>T, p.Asp37Tyr) variant in TRAPPC2L. Both individuals presented neurodevelopmental delay, febrile illness-induced encephalopathy, and episodic rhabdomyolysis, followed by developmental arrest, seizures and tetraplegia. The variant segregated with the phenotype in each family, and haplotype analysis suggested a founder effect. The mutant protein was expressed in patient fibroblasts, but displayed membrane trafficking delays. Studies in yeast showed that the variant impaired interaction with TRAPPC10, and increased levels of the active RAB11. PMID: 32843486 (2020) - In an Ashkenazi Jewish family with three affected sibs with GDD/ID, WGS revealed a segregating homozygous missense variant (c.5G>C, p.Ala2Gly) in the TRAPPC2L gene. No seizures, brain MRI abnormalities, or illness provoked regression were documented in this family. Comparable to the previous study, the variant resulted in delayed ER-to-Golgi trafficking and elevated levels of active RAB11. Studies using yeast and in vitro binding, showed that the variant disrupted interaction with another core TRAPP protein, TRAPPC6a. Sources: Literature; to: Total of three families, but two share a founder variant, and there are some disparities between the clinical presentations reported in the two publications. Rating Amber as additional cases required to delineate the genotype-phenotype relationship. PMID: 30120216 (2018) - Two unrelated probands with an identical homozygous missense (c.109G>T, p.Asp37Tyr) variant in TRAPPC2L. Both individuals presented neurodevelopmental delay, febrile illness-induced encephalopathy, and episodic rhabdomyolysis, followed by developmental arrest, seizures and tetraplegia. The variant segregated with the phenotype in each family, and haplotype analysis suggested a founder effect. The mutant protein was expressed in patient fibroblasts, but displayed membrane trafficking delays. Studies in yeast showed that the variant impaired interaction with TRAPPC10, and increased levels of the active RAB11. PMID: 32843486 (2020) - In an Ashkenazi Jewish family with three affected sibs with GDD/ID, WGS revealed a segregating homozygous missense variant (c.5G>C, p.Ala2Gly) in the TRAPPC2L gene. No seizures, brain MRI abnormalities, or illness provoked regression were documented in this family. Comparable to the previous study, the variant resulted in delayed ER-to-Golgi trafficking and elevated levels of active RAB11. Studies using yeast and in vitro binding, showed that the variant disrupted interaction with another core TRAPP protein, TRAPPC6a. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4134 | TRAPPC2L |
Arina Puzriakova gene: TRAPPC2L was added gene: TRAPPC2L was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TRAPPC2L was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRAPPC2L were set to 30120216; 32843486 Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC2L were set to Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with episodic rhabdomyolysis, 618331 Review for gene: TRAPPC2L was set to AMBER Added comment: Gene is associated with Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with episodic rhabdomyolysis in OMIM, but not in G2P. PMID: 30120216 (2018) - Two unrelated probands with an identical homozygous missense (c.109G>T, p.Asp37Tyr) variant in TRAPPC2L. Both individuals presented neurodevelopmental delay, febrile illness-induced encephalopathy, and episodic rhabdomyolysis, followed by developmental arrest, seizures and tetraplegia. The variant segregated with the phenotype in each family, and haplotype analysis suggested a founder effect. The mutant protein was expressed in patient fibroblasts, but displayed membrane trafficking delays. Studies in yeast showed that the variant impaired interaction with TRAPPC10, and increased levels of the active RAB11. PMID: 32843486 (2020) - In an Ashkenazi Jewish family with three affected sibs with GDD/ID, WGS revealed a segregating homozygous missense variant (c.5G>C, p.Ala2Gly) in the TRAPPC2L gene. No seizures, brain MRI abnormalities, or illness provoked regression were documented in this family. Comparable to the previous study, the variant resulted in delayed ER-to-Golgi trafficking and elevated levels of active RAB11. Studies using yeast and in vitro binding, showed that the variant disrupted interaction with another core TRAPP protein, TRAPPC6a. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4121 | UFC1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: UFC1 was added gene: UFC1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UFC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UFC1 were set to 29868776; 30552426 Phenotypes for gene: UFC1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and poor growth (MIM#618076) Review for gene: UFC1 was set to GREEN gene: UFC1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID 29868776: 8 affected individuals from 4 families reported. 7 were described to be postnatally microcephalic (at or below 3rd percentile). One was -5.1SD and one was -3.6SD. SD values for the others weren't provided. The following head circumference measurements were provided for 6 of the affecteds: 51cm at 16yo; 50cm at 19yo; 42.5cm at 12mo, 45cm at 28mo, 45.2cm at 7yo; 45cm at 4yo. 3 of the families were consanguineous Saudi families with the same homozygous missense variant. In vitro functional expression studies showed that both mutations caused impaired thioester binding with UFM1. Patient cells also showed decreased UFC1 intermediate formation with UFM1. The decrease in function was consistent with a hypomorphic allele, and the authors suggested that complete loss of function would be embryonic lethal. PMID 30552426: 1 more individual with epileptic encephalopathy reported with a different homozygous missense variant in UFC1. The patient had microcephaly <3rd percentile. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3872 | LMBRD2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: LMBRD2 was added gene: LMBRD2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LMBRD2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: LMBRD2 were set to 32820033; https://doi.org/10.1101/797787 Phenotypes for gene: LMBRD2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Seizures; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Abnormality of the eye Mode of pathogenicity for gene: LMBRD2 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: LMBRD2 was set to GREEN Added comment: 13 individuals with dn missense SNVs overall, overlapping features for 10 with available phenotype / a recurring variant has been identified in 2 different studies. ► Malhotra et al (2020 - PMID: 32820033) report on 10 unrelated individuals with de novo missense LMBRD2 variants. Features included DD (9/10), ID (6/8 of relevant age), microcephaly (7/10), seizures (5/10 - >=3 different variants), structural brain abnormalities (e.g. thin CC in 6/9), highly variable ocular abnormalities (5/10) and dysmorphic features in some (7/10 - nonspecific). All had variable prior non-diagnostic genetic tests (CMA, gene panel, mendeliome, karyotype). WES/WGS revealed LMBRD2 missense variants, in all cases de novo. A single individual had additional variants with weaker evidence of pathogenicity. 5 unique missense SNVs and 2 recurrent ones (NM_001007527:c.367T>C - p.Trp123Arg / c.1448G>A - p.Arg483His) were identified. These occurred in different exons. Variants were not present in gnomAD and all had several in silico predictions in favor of a deleterious effect. There was phenotypic variability among individuals with the same variant (e.g. seizures in 1/3 and microchephaly in 2/3 of those harboring R483H). The gene has a pLI of 0 (although o/e ranges from 0.23 to 0.55), %HI of 15.13 and z-score of 2.27. The authors presume that haploinsufficiency may not apply, and consider a gain-of-function/dominant-negative effect more likely. As the authors comment LMBRD2 (LMBR1 domain containing 2) encodes a membrane bound protein with poorly described function. It is widely expressed across tissues with notable expression in human brain (also in Drosophila, or Xenopus laevis). It displays high interspecies conservation. It has been suggested (Paek et al - PMID: 28388415) that LMBRD2 is a potential regulator of β2 adrenoreceptor signalling through involvement in GPCR signalling. ► Kaplanis et al (2020 - https://doi.org/10.1101/797787) in a dataset of 31058 parent-offspring trios (WES) previously identified 3 individuals with developmental disorder, harboring c.1448G>A - p.Arg483His. These individuals (1 from the DDD study, and 2 GeneDx patients) appear in Decipher. [ https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/ddd/research-variant/40e17c78cc9655a6721006fc1e0c98db/overview ]. The preprint by Kaplanis et al is cited by Malhotra et al, with Arg483His reported in 6 patients overall in both studies. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3799 | THBD | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: THBD: Added comment: Variants in this gene have also been linked to thrombophilia. Two families reported with a bleeding disorder, both variants located in the transmembrane domain.; Changed publications: 29500241, 19625716, 25564403, 32634856; Changed phenotypes: {Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical, susceptibility to, 6}, MIM# 612926, Bleeding disorder | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3657 | CALCRL |
Hazel Phillimore gene: CALCRL was added gene: CALCRL was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CALCRL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CALCRL were set to PMID: 30115739 Phenotypes for gene: CALCRL were set to ?Lymphatic malformation 8 (MIM# 618773); hydrops fetalis Review for gene: CALCRL was set to RED Added comment: Homozygous in-frame deletion (Val205del) in the CALCRL gene (Val205del) in a 22 week-old fetus with hydrops details due to lymphatic malformation. Consanguineous parents. Heterozygosity of the variant was also suggested to be associated with spontaneous miscarriage and subfertility. Consanguineous family with 8 total miscarriages from 3 carrier women, and 2 of these were confirmed to be due to hydrops fetalis. Note: possible association of a variant in ASAH1 gene that is associated with Farber lipogranulomatosis which can sometimes present with antenatal hydrops fetalis. (Homozygosity in one of the fetuses, fetus and heterozygosity in some of the family members). In vitro biochemical assays indicated that the variant causes misfolding of the protein and reduced association with its chaperone, RAMP2, and reduced translocation to the plasma membrane. (PMID: 30115739; Mackie, DI. et al., 2018). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3626 | AMBRA1 |
Bryony Thompson gene: AMBRA1 was added gene: AMBRA1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: AMBRA1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: AMBRA1 were set to 17589504; 32333458 Phenotypes for gene: AMBRA1 were set to Neural tube defects Review for gene: AMBRA1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 5 rare missense variants were identified in 6 cases from a neural tube defect cohort, and 4 (p.Thr80Met, p.Leu274Phe, p.Ser743Phe, and p.Met884Val) of them were functionally validated to affect autophagy regulation in vitro or zebrafish embryo development in vivo. There is also null mouse model with neural tube defects. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3561 | TRIM63 |
Ain Roesley gene: TRIM63 was added gene: TRIM63 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TRIM63 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRIM63 were set to 30681346; 32451364 Phenotypes for gene: TRIM63 were set to Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Penetrance for gene: TRIM63 were set to unknown Review for gene: TRIM63 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 30681346; LIMITED by Clingen working group (last evaluated 2018) PMID: 32451364 - 16 index cases with rare homozygous or compound heterozygous variants (15 HCM and one restrictive cardiomyopathy). None of these variants have homozygote counts in gnomAD. - segregated in 3 families - 1 index had another pathogenic truncating variant in MYBPC3 - 5 missense and 3 PTCs - Familial evaluation showed that only homozygous and compound heterozygous had signs of disease, whereas all heterozygous family members were healthy Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3560 | KRT71 |
Bryony Thompson gene: KRT71 was added gene: KRT71 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KRT71 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KRT71 were set to 14632181; 22592156; 19713490 Phenotypes for gene: KRT71 were set to ?Hypotrichosis 13, 615896 Review for gene: KRT71 was set to AMBER Added comment: A single family with 3 affected members of a 3-generation Japanese family segregating a missense variant (F141C) with autosomal dominant woolly hair/hypotrichosis, with supporting functional assays and animal models. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3450 | DACT1 |
Natalie Tan gene: DACT1 was added gene: DACT1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: NHS GMS Mode of inheritance for gene: DACT1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: DACT1 were set to PMID: 28054444; 22610794; 19701191 Phenotypes for gene: DACT1 were set to ?Townes-Brocks syndrome 2 (OMIM #617466) Review for gene: DACT1 was set to RED Added comment: Webb et al. (2017) reported 6 affected members of a 3-generation family with ?Townes-Brocks syndrome-2, identified heterozygosity for a nonsense mutation in the DACT1 gene that segregated with disease. Clinical features include imperforate anus, rectovaginal fistula, crossed fused renal ectopia, vesicoureteral reflux, unilateral microtia, overfolded helices and cupped ears. One family member (proband's mother) with scoliosis and spina bifida occulta. Neural tube defects reported in a study of human fetuses (PMID: 22610794) and a mouse model (PMID: 19701191). Listed in Decipher v10.0 for an individual with abnormalities of (i) head or neck (ii) nervous system (iii) skeletal system. Unlike the gene SALL1 that causes Townes-Brocks syndrome 1, there is no information specifically relating to DACT1 with radial dysplasia, as these were not observed in the family with ?Townes-Brocks syndrome 2 (PMID: 28054444). Sources: NHS GMS |
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| Mendeliome v0.3323 | EXOC2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EXOC2 was added gene: EXOC2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: EXOC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EXOC2 were set to 32639540 Phenotypes for gene: EXOC2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the face; Abnormality of brain morphology Review for gene: EXOC2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Van Bergen et al (2020 - PMID: 32639540) report on 3 individuals from 2 families, harboring biallelic EXOC2 mutations. Clinical presentation included DD, ID (severe in 2 subjects from fam1, borderline intellectual functioning in fam2), dysmorphic features and brain abnormalities. Cerebellar anomalies were common to all with a molar tooth sign observed in one (1/3). Other findings limited to subjects from one family included acquired microcephaly, congenital contractures, spastic quadriplegia (each observed 2/3). Previous investigations were in all cases non-diagnostic. WES identified biallelic EXOC2 mutations in all affected individuals. EXOC2 encodes an exocyst subunit. The latter is an octameric complex, component of the membrane transport machinery, required for tethering and fusion of vesicles at the plasma membrane. As discussed ,vesicle transport is important for the development of brain and the function of neurons and glia. Exocyst function is also important for delivery of Arl13b to the primary cilium (biallelic ARL13B mutations cause Joubert syndrome 8) and ciliogenesis. Affected subjects from a broader consanguineous family (fam1) were homozygous for a truncating variant. Fibroblast studies revealed mRNA levels compatible with NMD (further restored in presence of CHX) as well as reduced protein levels. The female belonging to the second non-consanguineous family was found to harbor 2 missense variants in trans configuration. An exocytosis defect was demonstrated in fibroblasts from individuals belonging to both families. Ciliogenesis appeared to be normal, however Arl13b localization/recruitment to the cilia was reduced compared with control cells with the defect rescued upon exogenous expression of wt EXOC2. Mutations in other genes encoding components of the exocyst complex have been previously reported in individuals with relevant phenotypes (e.g. EXOC8 in a boy with features of Joubert s. or EXOC4 in nephrotic syndrome). The authors discuss on the essential role of EXOC2 based on model organism studies (e.g. impaired neuronal membrane traffic, failure of neuronal polarization and neuromuscular junction expansion seen in Drosophila Sec5 (EXOC2) null mutants). Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.3308 | SGMS2 |
Bryony Thompson gene: SGMS2 was added gene: SGMS2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SGMS2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SGMS2 were set to 30779713; 32028018 Phenotypes for gene: SGMS2 were set to Calvarial doughnut lesions with bone fragility with or without spondylometaphyseal dysplasia MIM#126550 Review for gene: SGMS2 was set to GREEN Added comment: 12 patients from 6 unrelated families with the same stopgain variant (p.Arg50*), with osteoporosis that resembles osteogenesis imperfecta. In vitro over-expression assays of the variant demonstrate protein that was completely mislocalized in the cytosolic and nuclear compartments. 2 unrelated families were heterozygous for 2 missense (p.Ile62Ser, p.Met64Arg) with bone fragility and severe short stature, and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia. In vitro assays of each variant demonstrated an enhanced rate of de novo sphingomyelin production by blocking export of a functional enzyme from the endoplasmic reticulum. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.3202 | PPP3R1 |
Eleanor Williams gene: PPP3R1 was added gene: PPP3R1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PPP3R1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: PPP3R1 were set to 32337552; 19159392 Phenotypes for gene: PPP3R1 were set to Deafness, autosomal dominant 58 MIM#615654 Review for gene: PPP3R1 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 32337552 - Lezirovitz et al 2020- ~200 Kb genomic duplication in 2p14 was found that segregates with postlingual progressive sensorineural autosomal dominant hearing loss in a large Brazilian family with 20 affected individuals (the reported DFNA58 family from PMID: 19159392). The duplication covers PLEK and CNRIP1, and the first exon of PPP3R1 (protein coding), as well as four uncharacterized long non-coding RNA genes and part of a novel protein-coding gene. Cnrip1, Plek and Ppp3r1 genes are all expressed in the adult mouse cochlea and CNRIP1 mRNA was overexpressed in affected family members. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3202 | PLEK |
Eleanor Williams gene: PLEK was added gene: PLEK was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLEK was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: PLEK were set to 32337552; 19159392 Phenotypes for gene: PLEK were set to Deafness, autosomal dominant 58 MIM#615654 Review for gene: PLEK was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 32337552 - Lezirovitz et al 2020- ~200 Kb genomic duplication in 2p14 was found that segregates with postlingual progressive sensorineural autosomal dominant hearing loss in a large Brazilian family with 20 affected individuals (the reported DFNA58 family from PMID: 19159392). The duplication covers PLEK and CNRIP1, and the first exon of PPP3R1 (protein coding), as well as four uncharacterized long non-coding RNA genes and part of a novel protein-coding gene. Cnrip1, Plek and Ppp3r1 genes are all expressed in the adult mouse cochlea and CNRIP1 mRNA was overexpressed in affected family members. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3202 | CNRIP1 |
Eleanor Williams gene: CNRIP1 was added gene: CNRIP1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CNRIP1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CNRIP1 were set to 32337552; 19159392 Phenotypes for gene: CNRIP1 were set to Deafness, autosomal dominant 58 MIM#615654 Review for gene: CNRIP1 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 32337552 - Lezirovitz et al 2020- ~200 Kb genomic duplication in 2p14 was found that segregates with postlingual progressive sensorineural autosomal dominant hearing loss in a large Brazilian family with 20 affected individuals (the reported DFNA58 family from PMID: 19159392). The duplication covers PLEK and CNRIP1, and the first exon of PPP3R1 (protein coding), as well as four uncharacterized long non-coding RNA genes and part of a novel protein-coding gene. Cnrip1, Plek and Ppp3r1 genes are all expressed in the adult mouse cochlea and CNRIP1 mRNA was overexpressed in affected family members. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3198 | NLRP5 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NLRP5 was added gene: NLRP5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NLRP5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NLRP5 were set to 32222962; 31829238; 30877238 Phenotypes for gene: NLRP5 were set to Early embryonic arrest Review for gene: NLRP5 was set to AMBER Added comment: At least two families reported. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3196 | EXOC7 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EXOC7 was added gene: EXOC7 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EXOC7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EXOC7 were set to 32103185 Phenotypes for gene: EXOC7 were set to brain atrophy; seizures; developmental delay; microcephaly Review for gene: EXOC7 was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 families with 8 affected individuals with brain atrophy, seizures, and developmental delay, and in more severe cases microcephaly and infantile death. Four novel homozygous or comp.heterozygous variants found in EXOC7, which segregated with disease in the families. They showed that EXOC7, a member of the mammalian exocyst complex, is highly expressed in developing human cortex. In addition, a zebrafish model of Exoc7 deficiency recapitulates the human disorder with increased apoptosis and decreased progenitor cells during telencephalon development, suggesting that the brain atrophy in human cases reflects neuronal degeneration. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3192 | NME5 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NME5 was added gene: NME5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NME5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NME5 were set to 32185794 Phenotypes for gene: NME5 were set to Primary ciliary dyskinesia Review for gene: NME5 was set to AMBER Added comment: One patient with PCD with situs solitus, with radial spokes (RS) and central pair (CP) defects. Patient had a homozygous nonsense variant in NME5, with parents as carriers. Morpholino knockdown of nme5 in zebrafish embryos resulted in motile cilia defects with phenotypes compatible with ciliopathy. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3044 | C16orf62 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: HGNC approved name: VPS35L. Two variants have been reported as compound heterozygotes in two sibs with features of 3C/Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome. Functional studies show that loss of VPS35L function results in impared autophagy and VPS35L knockout mouse resulted in early embrionic lethality (PMID 25434475). Sources: Expert list; to: HGNC approved name: VPS35L. Two variants have been reported as compound heterozygotes in two sibs with features of 3C/Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome. Functional studies show that loss of VPS35L function results in impared autophagy and VPS35L knockout mouse resulted in early embrionic lethality (PMID 25434475;31712251). Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.3037 | C16orf62 |
Zornitza Stark gene: C16orf62 was added gene: C16orf62 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: C16orf62 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: C16orf62 were set to 25434475 Phenotypes for gene: C16orf62 were set to 3C/Ritscher-Schinzel-like syndrome Review for gene: C16orf62 was set to AMBER Added comment: HGNC approved name: VPS35L. Two variants have been reported as compound heterozygotes in two sibs with features of 3C/Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome. Functional studies show that loss of VPS35L function results in impared autophagy and VPS35L knockout mouse resulted in early embrionic lethality (PMID 25434475). Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.3014 | DSCR3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: DSCR3 was added gene: DSCR3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: DSCR3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: DSCR3 were set to 31845315 Phenotypes for gene: DSCR3 were set to Intellectual disability, no OMIM # yet Review for gene: DSCR3 was set to RED Added comment: 1 family/2 cousins with cognitive impairment, growth failure, skeletal abnormalities, and distinctive facial features. Both shared the homozygous nonsense variant c.178G>T (p.Glu60*) in the VPS26C gene. This gene encodes VPS26C, a member of the retriever integral membrane protein recycling pathway. The nature of the variant which is predicted to result in loss‐of‐function, expression studies revealing significant reduction in the mutant transcript, and the co‐segregation of the homozygous variant with the phenotype in two affected individuals. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2950 | PLD3 |
Bryony Thompson gene: PLD3 was added gene: PLD3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PLD3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: PLD3 were set to 29053796; 30312375; 30312384 Phenotypes for gene: PLD3 were set to Spinocerebellar ataxia 46 MIM#617770 Review for gene: PLD3 was set to AMBER Added comment: A heterozygous missense was identified in 8 affected members of a single family with spinocerebellar ataxia, and supporting in vitro functional assays. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.2932 | DNAH6 |
Elena Savva gene: DNAH6 was added gene: DNAH6 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: DNAH6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: DNAH6 were set to PMID: 26918822 Phenotypes for gene: DNAH6 were set to Heterotaxy, Azoospermia Review for gene: DNAH6 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 26918822 - zebrafish model has disrupted motile cilia and cilia length, with some body axis defects within embryos. Transfected human cells also had defective motile cilia and cilia width. Two patients with heterotaxy, one homozygous (missense), the other heterozygous (missense), but the heterozygous carrier has an additional known PCD mutation in DNA1. Summary: 1 convincing patient with animal model Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2889 | ARL3 |
Bryony Thompson gene: ARL3 was added gene: ARL3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ARL3 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ARL3 were set to 30269812; 16565502; 26964041; 30932721 Phenotypes for gene: ARL3 were set to Joubert syndrome 35 MIM#618161; Retinitis pigmentosa 83 MIM#618173 Review for gene: ARL3 was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 patients from 2 unrelated consanguineous families with a phenotype resembling Joubert syndrome with homozygous missense mutations affecting the same residue (R149C, R149H), and supporting in vitro functional assays. All reported cases had rod-cone dystrophy. An Arl3 null mouse model has a ciliary disease phenotype affecting the kidney, biliary tract, pancreas, and retina. Two unrelated families with retinitis pigmentosa segregating the same heterozygous missense variant (Y90C). Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.2786 | TOMM70 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TOMM70 was added gene: TOMM70 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TOMM70 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TOMM70 were set to 31907385; 32356556 Phenotypes for gene: TOMM70 were set to Severe anaemia, lactic acidosis, developmental delay; White matter abnormalities, developmental delay, regression, movement disorder Review for gene: TOMM70 was set to AMBER Added comment: TOM70 is a member of the TOM complex that transports cytosolic proteins into mitochondria. Bi-allelic disease: one individual reported with compound heterozygous variants in TOMM70 [c.794C>T (p.T265M) and c.1745C>T (p.A582V)]. Clinical features included severe anaemia, lactic acidosis, and developmental delay. Some functional data: in vitro cell model compensatory experiments. Monoallelic disease: de novo mono allelic variants in the C-terminal region of TOMM70 reported in two individuals. While both individuals exhibited shared symptoms including hypotonia, hyperreflexia, ataxia, dystonia, and significant white matter abnormalities, there were differences between the two individuals, most prominently the age of symptom onset, with one experiencing episodes of regression. Some functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.2607 | FOXF2 |
Hazel Phillimore changed review comment from: Homozygous missense, NM_001452.1: c.325A>T (p.I109F), in a 10 year old girl (consanguineous, parents were first cousins) with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with incomplete partition type I anomaly of the cochlea. This variant is absent in the gnomAD v2.1.1. In vitro studies indicated instability, shorter half-life of the protein compared to wildtype. Embryonic knockout mouse showed shortened and malformed cochleae, in addition to altered shape of hair cells with innervation and planar cell polarity defects. Homozygous knockout mice do not survive. (Bademci, G. et al. (2019); PMID: 30561639). This gene has also been reported in association with other anomalies including cleft lip, cleft palate, brain anomalies, intestine anomalies, and eye anomalies. Eye anomalies include anterior segment dysgenesis, as shown in mice with variant, W174R, affecting the Fox domain. Homozygote mice do not survive. (McKeone, R. et al. (2011); PMID: 22022403). Sources: Literature; to: Homozygous missense, NM_001452.1: c.325A>T (p.I109F), in a 10 year old girl (consanguineous, parents were first cousins) with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with incomplete partition type I anomaly of the cochlea. This variant is absent in the gnomAD v2.1.1. In vitro studies indicated instability, shorter half-life of the protein compared to wildtype. Embryonic knockout mouse showed shortened and malformed cochleae, in addition to altered shape of hair cells with innervation and planar cell polarity defects. Homozygous knockout mice do not survive. (Bademci, G. et al. (2019); PMID: 30561639). This gene has also been reported in association with other anomalies including cleft lip, cleft palate, brain anomalies, intestine anomalies, and eye anomalies. Eye anomalies include anterior segment dysgenesis, as shown in mice with variant, W174R, affecting the Fox domain. Homozygote mice do not survive. (McKeone, R. et al. (2011); PMID: 22022403). Previous names for FOXF2 include FKHL6 and FREAC2. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2607 | FOXF2 |
Hazel Phillimore gene: FOXF2 was added gene: FOXF2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FOXF2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FOXF2 were set to PMID: 30561639; 22022403 Phenotypes for gene: FOXF2 were set to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL); cochlea malformations; incomplete partition type I anomaly of the cochlea Review for gene: FOXF2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Homozygous missense, NM_001452.1: c.325A>T (p.I109F), in a 10 year old girl (consanguineous, parents were first cousins) with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with incomplete partition type I anomaly of the cochlea. This variant is absent in the gnomAD v2.1.1. In vitro studies indicated instability, shorter half-life of the protein compared to wildtype. Embryonic knockout mouse showed shortened and malformed cochleae, in addition to altered shape of hair cells with innervation and planar cell polarity defects. Homozygous knockout mice do not survive. (Bademci, G. et al. (2019); PMID: 30561639). This gene has also been reported in association with other anomalies including cleft lip, cleft palate, brain anomalies, intestine anomalies, and eye anomalies. Eye anomalies include anterior segment dysgenesis, as shown in mice with variant, W174R, affecting the Fox domain. Homozygote mice do not survive. (McKeone, R. et al. (2011); PMID: 22022403). Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2440 | REC114 |
Michelle Torres gene: REC114 was added gene: REC114 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: REC114 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: REC114 were set to 30388401; 31704776 Phenotypes for gene: REC114 were set to Female infertility Review for gene: REC114 was set to GREEN Added comment: Three variants reported are either within or flanking exon 4. - One hom patient (splice) had a miscarriage, 2 spontaneous complete hydatidiform moles, and 1 complete hydatidiform mole following intrauterine sperm injection (PMID: 30388401) - Two hom unrelated patients from consanguineous families with abnormal pronuclear formation during fertilisation and subsequent early embrionic arrest resulting in female infertility. Both variants (1 missense and 1 splice) were shown to result in LoF (PMID: 31704776) Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2378 | SLC44A1 |
Sebastian Lunke gene: SLC44A1 was added gene: SLC44A1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC44A1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC44A1 were set to 31855247 Phenotypes for gene: SLC44A1 were set to progressive ataxia; tremor; cognitive decline; dysphagia; optic atrophy; dysarthria Review for gene: SLC44A1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Four affected individuals from three families with homozygous frameshift variants. Functional evidence points to impaired choline transporter function yet unchanged membrane phosphatidylcholine content. Choline treatments may be beneficial. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2298 | MTCL1 |
Bryony Thompson gene: MTCL1 was added gene: MTCL1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: MTCL1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MTCL1 were set to 30548255; 28283581 Phenotypes for gene: MTCL1 were set to slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia; mild intellectual disability; seizures; episodic pain; spinocerebellar ataxia Review for gene: MTCL1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Single case with a homozygous loss of function variant in a Polish study of early-onset cerebellar ataxia, and a single family with a single heterozygous missense (p.Val1435Met) identified in two family members with adult-onset spinocerebellar ataxia. Mtcl1 gene disruption in mice results in abnormal motor coordination with Purkinje cell degeneration Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.2204 | PET117 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PET117 was added gene: PET117 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PET117 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PET117 were set to 28386624 Phenotypes for gene: PET117 were set to Developmental delay; Regression; Complex IV deficiency Review for gene: PET117 was set to RED Added comment: Two siblings reported, some functional data. PET117 postulated to be a Complex IV assembly factor. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.2179 | NME3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NME3 was added gene: NME3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NME3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NME3 were set to 30587587 Phenotypes for gene: NME3 were set to Hypotonia; Neurodegeneration; Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics Review for gene: NME3 was set to RED Added comment: Single individual reported. NME3 is a mitochondrial outer-membrane protein capable of interacting with MFN1/2, and its depletion causes dysfunction in mitochondrial dynamics Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.1777 | TIMMDC1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TIMMDC1 was added gene: TIMMDC1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: NHS GMS Mode of inheritance for gene: TIMMDC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TIMMDC1 were set to 28604674; 30981218 Phenotypes for gene: TIMMDC1 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 31 MIM#618251 Review for gene: TIMMDC1 was set to AMBER Added comment: A deep intronic variant (c.597-1340A>G, only detectable by WGS) that causes a splicing aberration was identified in a homozygous state in 3 unrelated cases from different ethnic backgrounds. A patient with Leigh-like syndrome had a homozygous stopgain variant in PDHX and a homozygous stopgain variant in TIMMDC1 (p.Arg225*). The TIMMDC1 mutant protein could still rescue complex I assembly in TIMMDC1 knockout cells and the patient’s clinical phenotype was not clearly distinct from that of other patients with the same PDHX defect. Sources: NHS GMS |
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| Mendeliome v0.1325 | MAP3K20 |
Bryony Thompson gene: MAP3K20 was added gene: MAP3K20 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: MAP3K20 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MAP3K20 were set to 27816943; 26755636 Phenotypes for gene: MAP3K20 were set to Centronuclear myopathy 6 with fiber-type disproportion MIM#617760; Split-foot malformation with mesoaxial polydactyly MIM#616890 Review for gene: MAP3K20 was set to GREEN Added comment: 3 unrelated consanguineous families homozygous for 3 different variants with centronuclear myopathy, and at least 2 families reported with split-foot malformation. Null mouse model is embryonic lethal due to severe cardiac edema and growth retardation. Gene alias of ZAK used in the published studies. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.398 | NLRP2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NLRP2 were changed from to female infertility; early embryonic arrest | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.395 | NLRP2 | Belinda Chong reviewed gene: NLRP2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30877238; Phenotypes: female infertility, early embryonic arrest; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.370 | KCNT2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: KCNT2 was added gene: KCNT2 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KCNT2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KCNT2 were set to 29069600; 29740868 Phenotypes for gene: KCNT2 were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 57, MIM#617771; Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy Review for gene: KCNT2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Reviewed by E Palmer: Ambrosino et al described 2 unrelated females with de novo variants in KCNT2. The first patient had the variant p.(Arg190His) had with West syndrome followed by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome , the second patient had the variant p.(Arg190Pro) and DEE with migrating focal seizures. Both variants were absent gnomad and had supportive in silico support for pathogenicity. In an electrophisological model both KCNT2 R190P and KCNT2 R190H increased maximal current density and shifted toward more negative membrane potential values the activation curve of KCNT2 channels, consistent with gain of function effects. PMID: 29740868. Gururaj et al describe one male with de novo variant in KCNT2 p. (Phe240Leu) and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. he variant was absent gnomad and supportive evidence of pathogenicity This variant was electrophysiologically modelled and revealed that the variant resulted in a 'change in function' demonstrating unusual altered selectivity in KNa channels.PMID: 29069600. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.287 | MACROD2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MACROD2 was added gene: MACROD2 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MACROD2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: MACROD2 were set to 31055587 Phenotypes for gene: MACROD2 were set to intellectual disability; dysmorphic features; microcephaly Review for gene: MACROD2 was set to RED Added comment: 1 family with a few affected with microcephaly, ID, dysmorphic features, and polydactyly. Deletion of chromosome 20p12.1 involving the MACROD2 gene was found in several members of the family. qRT-PCR showed higher levels of a MACROD2 mRNA isoform in the individuals carrying the deletion. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.282 | LMAN2L |
Zornitza Stark gene: LMAN2L was added gene: LMAN2L was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LMAN2L was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: LMAN2L were set to 31020005; 26566883 Phenotypes for gene: LMAN2L were set to Mental retardation, autosomal recessive, 52; OMIM #616887 Review for gene: LMAN2L was set to AMBER Added comment: 1 consanguineous family with 7 individuals with ID and epilepsy, with homozygous LMAN2L missense mutation. Segregated with disease in family, and unaffected family members were heterozygous variant carriers. No functional studies. 1 non-consanguineous family with 4 affected with heterozygous frameshift LMAN2L mutation. Segregates in family. Mutation eliminates LMAN2L's endoplasmic reticulum retention signal and mislocalizes the protein from that compartment to the plasma membrane. Sources: Literature |
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