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Gene: OPN1LW Red List (low evidence)Red List (low evidence)
Associated with varying degrees of colour blindness/myopia due to more complex genetic pathways involving rearrangements between the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes and/or deletion of a nearby regulatory region.
This condition generally arises from complex genetic rearrangements that are not readily detected by exome/genome sequencing, often requiring more targeted sequencing approaches and long-range PCR. Colour-blindness from partial or complete loss of L wavelength/red cone opsin function is also usually a result of more complex rearrangements. Polymorphisms in these genes also result in varying degrees of colour perception.
One copy of OPN1LW and often multiple copies of OPL1MW are arranged in tandem array on the X-chromosome, and the proximity and high identity of these genes can lead to recombination events. There are three main mechanisms by which BCM can arise:
- deletion on the X chromosome upstream of both OPN1LW and OPN1MW, in a locus control region (LCR) required for expression of both genes
- two-step process involving recombination of the L and M opsin genes resulting in a single or often hybrid gene with a subsequent missense variant (most commonly p.(Cys203Arg)) or exon deletion in this hybrid gene
- third mechanism is due to rare haplotypes (‘L/M interchange haplotypes’) at polymorphic positions in exon 3 of the opsin genes that result from intermixing between L and M opsin genes resulting in aberrant splicing of the opsin genes and a variable degree of exon 3 skipping
Technical challenges: Yes - OPN1LW produces duplications and CNVs across every run- causing technical problems that we are not aware of - risk of missing variants.Created: 14 Apr 2025, 5:51 a.m. | Last Modified: 14 Apr 2025, 5:51 a.m.
Panel Version: 1.1868
Mode of inheritance
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes
Blue cone monochromacy,MIM#303700; Colorblindness, protan,MIM#303900
Publications
Gene: opn1lw has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Publications for gene: OPN1LW were set to
gene: OPN1LW was added gene: OPN1LW was added to Reproductive Carrier Screen_VCGS. Sources: Mackenzie's Mission,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: OPN1LW was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females Phenotypes for gene: OPN1LW were set to Blue cone monochromacy, MIM#303700; Colorblindness, protan, MIM#303900
If promoting or demoting a gene, please provide comments to justify a decision to move it.
Genes included in a Genomics England gene panel for a rare disease category (green list) should fit the criteria A-E outlined below.
These guidelines were developed as a combination of the ClinGen DEFINITIVE evidence for a causal role of the gene in the disease(a), and the Developmental Disorder Genotype-Phenotype (DDG2P) CONFIRMED DD Gene evidence level(b) (please see the original references provided below for full details). These help provide a guideline for expert reviewers when assessing whether a gene should be on the green or the red list of a panel.
A. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing an interpretable functional region(ii) of this gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
B. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing cis-regulatory elements convincingly affecting the expression of a single gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
C. As definitions A or B but in 2 or 3 unrelated cases/families with the phenotype, with the addition of convincing bioinformatic or functional evidence of causation e.g. known inborn error of metabolism with mutation in orthologous gene which is known to have the relevant deficient enzymatic activity in other species; existence of an animal model which recapitulates the human phenotype.
AND
D. Evidence indicates that disease-causing mutations follow a Mendelian pattern of causation appropriate for reporting in a diagnostic setting(iv).
AND
E. No convincing evidence exists or has emerged that contradicts the role of the gene in the specified phenotype.
(i)Plausible disease-causing mutations: Recurrent de novo mutations convincingly affecting gene function. Rare, fully-penetrant mutations - relevant genotype never, or very rarely, seen in controls. (ii) Interpretable functional region: ORF in protein coding genes miRNA stem or loop. (iii) Phenotype: the rare disease category, as described in the eligibility statement. (iv) Intermediate penetrance genes should not be included.
It’s assumed that loss-of-function variants in this gene can cause the disease/phenotype unless an exception to this rule is known. We would like to collect information regarding exceptions. An example exception is the PCSK9 gene, where loss-of-function variants are not relevant for a hypercholesterolemia phenotype as they are associated with increased LDL-cholesterol uptake via LDLR (PMID: 25911073).
If a curated set of known-pathogenic variants is available for this gene-phenotype, please contact us at panelapp@genomicsengland.co.uk
We classify loss-of-function variants as those with the following Sequence Ontology (SO) terms:
Term descriptions can be found on the PanelApp homepage and Ensembl.
If you are submitting this evaluation on behalf of a clinical laboratory please indicate whether you report variants in this gene as part of your current diagnostic practice by checking the box
Standardised terms were used to represent the gene-disease mode of inheritance, and were mapped to commonly used terms from the different sources. Below each of the terms is described, along with the equivalent commonly-used terms.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, and imprinting has not been implicated.
A variant on the paternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on the maternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease. This is the default used for autosomal dominant mode of inheritance where no knowledge of the imprinting status of the gene required to cause the disease is known. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal dominant, dominant, AD, DOMINANT.
A variant on both alleles of this gene is required to cause the disease. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive, recessive, AR, RECESSIVE.
The disease can be caused by a variant on one or both alleles of this gene. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant, recessive or dominant, AR/AD, AD/AR, DOMINANT/RECESSIVE, RECESSIVE/DOMINANT.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, however a variant on both alleles of this gene can result in a more severe form of the disease/phenotype.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele, whereas a variant on both X-chromosome alleles is required to cause the disease in females. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: X-linked recessive.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele. A variant on one allele of this gene may also cause the disease in females, though the disease/phenotype may be less severe and may have a later-onset than is seen in males. X-linked inactivation and mosaicism in different tissues complicate whether a female presents with the disease, and can change over their lifetime. This term is the default setting used for X-linked genes, where it is not known definitately whether females require a variant on each allele of this gene in order to be affected. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: X-linked dominant, x-linked, X-LINKED, X-linked.
The gene is in the mitochondrial genome and variants within this can cause this disease, maternally inherited. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: Mitochondrial.
Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: Unknown, NA, information not provided.
For example, if the mode of inheritance is digenic, please indicate this in the comments and which other gene is involved.