Mendeliome
Gene: PFN1 Green List (high evidence)Green List (high evidence)
PMID 33599011 reports multiplex Chinese family with same variant, c.318_321delTGAC, making it less likely to be a founder variant. However, still a single variant reported, albeit in 3 families so association with Paget's disease may be variant-specific, hence evidence for this association still considered moderate (Amber).Created: 21 May 2026, 9:34 p.m.
The association with ALS is well established, multiple families and different lines of functional data, including animal models support this association.
Agree, the evidence for association with a bone phenotype is moderate, the two families may well be related, supportive conditional mouse model. Different mechanism may be at play.Created: 1 Oct 2020, 6:20 p.m.
Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Phenotypes
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 18, MIM# 614808
Publications
I don't know
A new phenotype association for this gene has been reported: Paget’s disease of bone (PDB).
Haploinsuffciency has been linked to PDB in 2 families with the same truncating frameshift variant (unsure if the families are related, both families are from the same region in Italy). Functional studies of this truncating variant showed abnormal protein aggregates (PMID: 32392277, 31991009). An osteoclast-specific conditional null mouse model confirmed the skeletal phenotype (PMID: 31346562). Missense variants in this gene have been previously associated with ALS (PMID: 22801503). Due to these different phenotype associations, it has been suggested that this gene can cause multisystem proteinopathy (PMID: 32589291).Created: 1 Oct 2020, 4:09 p.m.
Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Phenotypes
Paget’s disease of bone
Publications
Green List (high evidence)
PMID: 23141414, PMID: 22801503, PMID: 25499087
- Total of 15 probands, all missense
*E117G (NM_005022.3) reported in 6 out of the 15 mentioned above and has 140 alleles in gnomAD
Suggested to be a risk factor instead (PMID: 24309268)
LoF and toxic GoF are suggested mechanisms, with functional studies demonstrating variants leading to insoluble aggregates (PMID: 22801503, PMID: 26908597)Created: 1 Oct 2020, 3:51 p.m.
Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Phenotypes
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 18 (MIM# 614808)
Publications
Publications for gene: PFN1 were set to 23141414; 22801503; 25499087; 24309268; 22801503; 26908597; 32392277; 31991009; 31346562; 32589291; 31802421; 31611772; 31401564; 30203378; 28040732
Phenotypes for gene: PFN1 were changed from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 18 (MIM# 614808); Paget’s disease of bone to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 18 (MIM# 614808); Paget disease of bone 7, early-onset, MIM# 621600
Gene: pfn1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Publications for gene: PFN1 were set to
Phenotypes for gene: PFN1 were changed from to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 18 (MIM# 614808); Paget’s disease of bone
Mode of inheritance for gene: PFN1 was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
gene: PFN1 was added gene: PFN1 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Mode of inheritance for gene: PFN1 was set to Unknown
If promoting or demoting a gene, please provide comments to justify a decision to move it.
Genes included in a Genomics England gene panel for a rare disease category (green list) should fit the criteria A-E outlined below.
These guidelines were developed as a combination of the ClinGen DEFINITIVE evidence for a causal role of the gene in the disease(a), and the Developmental Disorder Genotype-Phenotype (DDG2P) CONFIRMED DD Gene evidence level(b) (please see the original references provided below for full details). These help provide a guideline for expert reviewers when assessing whether a gene should be on the green or the red list of a panel.
A. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing an interpretable functional region(ii) of this gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
B. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing cis-regulatory elements convincingly affecting the expression of a single gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
C. As definitions A or B but in 2 or 3 unrelated cases/families with the phenotype, with the addition of convincing bioinformatic or functional evidence of causation e.g. known inborn error of metabolism with mutation in orthologous gene which is known to have the relevant deficient enzymatic activity in other species; existence of an animal model which recapitulates the human phenotype.
AND
D. Evidence indicates that disease-causing mutations follow a Mendelian pattern of causation appropriate for reporting in a diagnostic setting(iv).
AND
E. No convincing evidence exists or has emerged that contradicts the role of the gene in the specified phenotype.
(i)Plausible disease-causing mutations: Recurrent de novo mutations convincingly affecting gene function. Rare, fully-penetrant mutations - relevant genotype never, or very rarely, seen in controls. (ii) Interpretable functional region: ORF in protein coding genes miRNA stem or loop. (iii) Phenotype: the rare disease category, as described in the eligibility statement. (iv) Intermediate penetrance genes should not be included.
It’s assumed that loss-of-function variants in this gene can cause the disease/phenotype unless an exception to this rule is known. We would like to collect information regarding exceptions. An example exception is the PCSK9 gene, where loss-of-function variants are not relevant for a hypercholesterolemia phenotype as they are associated with increased LDL-cholesterol uptake via LDLR (PMID: 25911073).
If a curated set of known-pathogenic variants is available for this gene-phenotype, please contact us at panelapp@genomicsengland.co.uk
We classify loss-of-function variants as those with the following Sequence Ontology (SO) terms:
Term descriptions can be found on the PanelApp homepage and Ensembl.
If you are submitting this evaluation on behalf of a clinical laboratory please indicate whether you report variants in this gene as part of your current diagnostic practice by checking the box
Standardised terms were used to represent the gene-disease mode of inheritance, and were mapped to commonly used terms from the different sources. Below each of the terms is described, along with the equivalent commonly-used terms.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, and imprinting has not been implicated.
A variant on the paternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on the maternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease. This is the default used for autosomal dominant mode of inheritance where no knowledge of the imprinting status of the gene required to cause the disease is known. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal dominant, dominant, AD, DOMINANT.
A variant on both alleles of this gene is required to cause the disease. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive, recessive, AR, RECESSIVE.
The disease can be caused by a variant on one or both alleles of this gene. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant, recessive or dominant, AR/AD, AD/AR, DOMINANT/RECESSIVE, RECESSIVE/DOMINANT.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, however a variant on both alleles of this gene can result in a more severe form of the disease/phenotype.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele, whereas a variant on both X-chromosome alleles is required to cause the disease in females. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: X-linked recessive.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele. A variant on one allele of this gene may also cause the disease in females, though the disease/phenotype may be less severe and may have a later-onset than is seen in males. X-linked inactivation and mosaicism in different tissues complicate whether a female presents with the disease, and can change over their lifetime. This term is the default setting used for X-linked genes, where it is not known definitately whether females require a variant on each allele of this gene in order to be affected. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: X-linked dominant, x-linked, X-LINKED, X-linked.
The gene is in the mitochondrial genome and variants within this can cause this disease, maternally inherited. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: Mitochondrial.
Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: Unknown, NA, information not provided.
For example, if the mode of inheritance is digenic, please indicate this in the comments and which other gene is involved.